1
|
Mondragón-Maya A, Flores-Medina Y, González-Sánchez D, Hernández-Echeagaray E. Similarities in cognitive impairment between recent- onset and chronic schizophrenia patients: a consideration for the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2023; 51:176-183. [PMID: 37817737 PMCID: PMC10803867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Impairment in attention, memory, processing speed and executive functions have been described in patients with schizophrenia. Such impairments can be observed in early stages of the disease and in chronic patients; discrepancy in findings regarding the cognitive deficits at different stages of the illness keeps the debate about schizophrenia as a neurodegenerative condition which courses with continuous deterioration, or if deficits remain stable, as the neurodevelopmental hypothesis suggests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Flores-Medina
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación Instituto Nacionalde Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz
| | - Daniel González-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del desarrollo y la Neurodegeneración, UBIMED, FES-I, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Echeagaray
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del desarrollo y la Neurodegeneración, UBIMED, FES-I, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramos-Mastache D, Mondragón-Maya A, Liemburg EJ, Enriquez-Geppert S, Goerlich KS, Rosel-Vales M, Pérez-Ferrara D, Jansari AS, Aleman A. Understanding the relationship between apathy, cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: The significance of an ecological assessment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277047. [PMID: 36327293 PMCID: PMC9632867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in understanding the role apathy plays in mediating the relationship between cognitive impairment and functional outcome. In general, most studies measure cognition with traditional cognitive tests that give explicit instructions and guide the participants toward generating a response. However, given that apathy is defined by a decrease in self-initiated behavior, it is crucial to evaluate cognition with ecological tasks that do not explicitly direct the patient´s motivation to generate behaviors to assess the actual effect. This study investigated whether an ecological cognitive assessment (the Jansari Executive Function Assessment, JEF©) would uniquely contribute to the relationship between cognition, apathy, and functional outcome in schizophrenia. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), neuropsychological tests and the JEF© were administered to 20 patients with schizophrenia. Hierarchical multiple regression and mediation analysis were performed to test the associations between the variables of interest. Results showed that JEF© explained a significant portion of the variance in AES (25%). In addition, apathy explained 36% of the variance in functional outcome. However, AES did not mediate between cognition and functional outcome. Our results highlight the importance of assessing cognition with tasks that require integration of cognitive functions needed for real life demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ramos-Mastache
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlanepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlanepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Edith J. Liemburg
- Rob Giel Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert
- Department of Developmental and Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina S. Goerlich
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mauricio Rosel-Vales
- Clínica de Esquizofrenia, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - David Pérez-Ferrara
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlanepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | - Ashok S. Jansari
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Aleman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Rob Giel Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
León-Ortiz P, Reyes-Madrigal F, Mondragón-Maya A, Mora-Durán R, González-Manríquez L, Menéndez-Manjarrez F, Solís-Vivanco R, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Social cognition and its association with the duration and severity of psychosis in antipsychotic-naïve individuals at different stages of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:180-182. [PMID: 36075128 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo León-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Mora-Durán
- Emergency Department, Hospital Fray Bernardino Álvarez, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Luz González-Manríquez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Menéndez-Manjarrez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Solís-Vivanco
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Clinical Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico.
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mondragón-Maya A, Flores-Medina Y, Silva-Pereyra J, Ramos-Mastache D, Yáñez-Téllez G, Escamilla-Orozco R, Saracco-Álvarez R. Neurocognition in Bipolar and Depressive Schizoaffective Disorder: A Comparison with Schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:45-51. [PMID: 32516783 DOI: 10.1159/000508188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizoaffective disorder (SA) is classified into bipolar (bSA) and depressive (dSA) subtypes. Although clinical differences between both have been reported, there is no clear information regarding their specific cognitive profile. OBJECTIVE To compare neurocognition between SA subtypes and schizophrenia (SC). METHODS A total of 61 patients were assessed and divided into 3 groups: 35 SC, 16 bSA, and 10 dSA. All participants signed an informed consent letter. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, Central and South American version was used to assess neurocognition. The study was performed at the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente". Participants were identified by specialized psychiatrists. Trained neuropsychologists carried out the clinical and cognitive assessment, which lasted 2 h approximately. RESULTS The cognitive assessment showed a significant difference in Trail Making Test part A subtest (F[2,58] = 4.043; p = 0.023]. Post hoc analyses indicated that dSA obtained a significantly higher score than SC (MD = -11.523; p = 0.018). The f test showed a large effect size (f = 0.401). No statistical differences were observed regarding other cognitive variables. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive profile of SA subtypes and SC is similar since no differences were found in most subtests. However, dSA may be less impaired than SC in measures of processing speed. Further research with larger samples must be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico,
| | - Yvonne Flores-Medina
- Servicio de Rehabilitación, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Silva-Pereyra
- Proyecto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Daniela Ramos-Mastache
- Residencia en Neuropsicología Clínica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Yáñez-Téllez
- Proyecto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Raúl Escamilla-Orozco
- Servicios clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Saracco-Álvarez
- Servicios clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Solís-Vivanco R, Mondragón-Maya A, Reyes-Madrigal F, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Impairment of novelty-related theta oscillations and P3a in never medicated first-episode psychosis patients. NPJ Schizophr 2021; 7:15. [PMID: 33637757 PMCID: PMC7910533 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We explored the neurophysiological activity underlying auditory novelty detection in antipsychotic-naive patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP). Fifteen patients with a non-affective FEP and 13 healthy controls underwent an active involuntary attention task along with an EEG acquisition. Time-frequency representations of power, phase locking, and fronto-parietal connectivity were calculated. The P3a event-related potential was extracted as well. Compared to controls, the FEP group showed reduced theta phase-locking and fronto-parietal connectivity evoked by deviant stimuli. Also, the P3a amplitude was significantly reduced. Moreover, reduced theta connectivity was associated with more severe negative symptoms within the FEP group. Reduced activity (phase-locking and connectivity) of novelty-related theta oscillations, along with P3a reduction, may represent a failure to synchronize large-scale neural populations closely related to fronto-parietal attentional networks, and might be explored as a potential biomarker of disease severity in patients with emerging psychosis, given its association with negative symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Solís-Vivanco
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gómez-Apo E, Mondragón-Maya A, Ferrari-Díaz M, Silva-Pereyra J. Structural Brain Changes Associated with Overweight and Obesity. J Obes 2021; 2021:6613385. [PMID: 34327017 PMCID: PMC8302366 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6613385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem with a broad set of comorbidities, such as malnutrition, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, systemic hypertension, heart failure, and kidney failure. This review describes recent findings of neuroimaging and two studies of cell density regarding the roles of overnutrition-induced hypothalamic inflammation in neurodegeneration. These studies provided consistent evidence of smaller cortical thickness or reduction in the gray matter volume in people with overweight and obesity; however, the investigated brain regions varied across the studies. In general, bilateral frontal and temporal areas, basal nuclei, and cerebellum are more commonly involved. Mechanisms of volume reduction are unknown, and neuroinflammation caused by obesity is likely to induce neuronal loss. Adipocytes, macrophages of the adipose tissue, and gut dysbiosis in overweight and obese individuals result in the secretion of the cytokines and chemokines that cross the blood-brain barrier and may stimulate microglia, which in turn also release proinflammatory cytokines. This leads to chronic low-grade neuroinflammation and may be an important factor for apoptotic signaling and neuronal death. Additionally, significant microangiopathy observed in rat models may be another important mechanism of induction of apoptosis. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) may be similar to that in metabolic diseases induced by malnutrition. Poor cognitive performance, mainly in executive functions, in individuals with obesity is also discussed. This review highlights the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms linked to obesity and emphasizes the importance of developing effective prevention and treatment intervention strategies for overweight and obese individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Gómez-Apo
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Martina Ferrari-Díaz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Juan Silva-Pereyra
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Solís-Vivanco R, Rangel-Hassey F, León-Ortiz P, Mondragón-Maya A, Reyes-Madrigal F, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Cognitive Impairment in Never-Medicated Individuals on the Schizophrenia Spectrum. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:543-545. [PMID: 32074253 PMCID: PMC7042924 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This cohort study examines cognition in never-medicated individuals at different stages of the illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Solís-Vivanco
- Neuropsychology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Rangel-Hassey
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo León-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peña-González P, Mondragón-Maya A, Silva-Pereyra J, Roa-Rojas P. Cognitive Reserve and Executive Functions in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7941543. [PMID: 33083496 PMCID: PMC7557905 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7941543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with type two diabetes mellitus (DM2) show cognitive deficits within the executive function domain. The detrimental effects of DM2 over executive function (EF) performance may be mediated by factors such as cognitive reserve (CR). CR mediates cognitive performance by delaying the appearance of clinical symptoms from subjacent brain pathology or attenuating the severity of such symptoms. Our main goal was to study the effects of CR on executive functions of adults with DM2. METHODS Data from a total of 1,034 adults were included (362 women, 672 men). Subjects were categorized into four groups: subjects with DM2 and high CR (n = 235), control subjects with high CR (n = 265), subjects with DM2 and low CR (n = 298), and control subjects with low CR (n = 236). CR was quantified through 3 proxies: education, occupational complexity, and leisure activities. Executive functions were evaluated through visual scanning, verbal fluency, and backwards counting tasks. First, a series of four one-way ANOVAs was performed where group was included as a between-subject factor and executive function as a dependent variable. Second, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to assess the weight of each CR proxy on EF performance. RESULTS CR level significantly affected all executive function scores independently of the diabetes status. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that years of education accounted for most of the variance in the model for executive function performance. In this study, we found that there is a significant effect of CR on executive function performance of DM2 subjects and education is the most important CR proxy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Silva-Pereyra
- Proyecto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Paloma Roa-Rojas
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mondragón-Maya A, Flores-Medina Y, Ramos-Mastache D, Vales MR, Olivares Neumann JL, Escamilla-Orozco R, Saracco-Álvarez R. Processing speed differences between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A pilot study. Psychiatr Danub 2019; 31:355-357. [PMID: 31596829 DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2019.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare processing speed (PS) and its subcomponents in schizophrenia (SC) and schizoaffective disorder (SA). Thirty-five patients were divided into two groups (SC=18; SA=17). PS tasks from the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery Central/South America version were used. Additional PS subcomponents were analyzed (i.e., behavioral execution, response processing, and accuracy). SA obtained significant higher scores than SC in response processing, verbal fluency and the PS general domain. Our results indicate that PS is a potential cognitive marker to differentiate between SC and SA. Further research with larger samples must be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reynoso-Alcántara V, Silva-Pereyra J, Fernández-Harmony T, Mondragón-Maya A. Principales efectos de la reserva cognitiva sobre diversas enfermedades: una revisión sistemática. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psiq.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Gómez-Apo E, García-Sierra A, Silva-Pereyra J, Soto-Abraham V, Mondragón-Maya A, Velasco-Vales V, Pescatello LS. A Postmortem Study of Frontal and Temporal Gyri Thickness and Cell Number in Human Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:94-102. [PMID: 29131517 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare cortex thickness and neuronal cell density in postmortem brain tissue from people with overweight or obesity and normal weight. METHODS The cortex thickness and neuron density of eight donors with overweight or obesity (mean = 31.6 kg/m2 ; SD = 4.35; n = 8; 6 male) and eight donors with normal weight (mean = 21.8 kg/m2 ; SD = 1.5; n = 8; 5 male) were compared. All participants were Mexican and lived in Mexico City. Randomly selected thickness measures of different cortex areas from the frontal and temporal lobes were analyzed based on high-resolution real-size photographs. A histological analysis of systematic-random fields was used to quantify the number of neurons in postmortem left and right of the first, second, and third gyri of frontal and temporal lobe brain samples. RESULTS No statistical difference was found in cortical thickness between donors with overweight or obesity and individuals with normal weight. A smaller number of neurons was found among the donors with overweight or obesity than the donors with normal weight at different frontal and temporal areas. CONCLUSIONS A lower density of neurons is associated with overweight or obesity. The morphological basis for structural brain changes in obesity requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Gómez-Apo
- Neuroscience Project, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- General Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián García-Sierra
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juan Silva-Pereyra
- Neuroscience Project, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Neuroscience Project, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Linda S Pescatello
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mondragón-Maya A, Ramos-Mastache D, Román PD, Yáñez-Téllez G. Social Cognition in Schizophrenia, Unaffected Relatives and Ultra- High Risk for Psychosis: What Do We Currently Know? Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2017; 45:218-226. [PMID: 29044446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia patients show impairments in social cognition (SC), which is a set of cognitive processes that underlie social interactions. The research about SC in schizophrenia has identified four main domains: Theory of mind (ToM), social perception, attributional style and emotional processing. The present review aims to summarize the most recent and consistent findings about SC in patients with schizophrenia, unaffected relatives and ultra-high risk for psychosis individuals (UHR), as well as its association with clinical variables and functional outcome. METHODS A systematic PsycINFO and Pubmed/Medline databases search was conducted. RESULTS ToM impairments have been observed in schizophrenia patients, unaffected relatives and UHR. Emotional processing disturbance has been consistently reported in schizophrenia patients and UHR. ToM and emotional processing have been correlated with symptomatology and functional outcome. However, inconsistencies have been found across studies that assess ToM and emotional processing as predictors of psychosis. Social perception and attributional style are affected in schizophrenia, but the research in at- risk populations is scarce, and their relationship with symptoms or functional outcome is not clear. CONCLUSIONS All domains of SC are impaired in schizophrenia. Non affected relatives and UHR also display deficits of SC. More research must be conducted to assess the reliability of SC domains as endophenotypes or predictors of conversion to psychosis in at-risk populations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Solís-Vivanco R, Mondragón-Maya A, León-Ortiz P, Rodríguez-Agudelo Y, Cadenhead KS, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Mismatch Negativity reduction in the left cortical regions in first-episode psychosis and in individuals at ultra high-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2014; 158:58-63. [PMID: 25064664 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch Negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological component that represents sensory memory processing, has been proposed as a potential vulnerability marker for psychosis. Some studies have reported a more evident MMN amplitude reduction in the left cortical regions in patients with schizophrenia. Little is known about this asymmetric pattern in patients in their first episode of psychosis (FEP) and individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR). The aim of this study was to explore the scalp distribution of MMN in 20 FEP patients, 20 UHR subjects and 23 healthy controls. Both clinical groups were antipsychotic naïve. MMN was obtained during a passive auditory paradigm with duration deviant tones and analyzed from 15 frontocentral electrodes. There was a significant group effect in MMN amplitude (F=3.4, p=0.04), showing a decrement in both FEP and UHR compared to controls (FEP mean difference (MD)=-0.48, p=0.02; UHR MD=-0.44, p=0.04), and this amplitude decrement was more evident in the left middle regions for both clinical groups (p<0.01). In conclusion, we found a clear amplitude reduction of duration MMN in FEP patients and UHR individuals, especially in the left cortical regions. The observed pattern in both clinical samples supports the notion that MMN could be a vulnerability marker for psychosis. We propose to continue the study of this MMN laterality effect in future longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Solís-Vivanco
- Neuropsychology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNNMVS), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Neuropsychology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNNMVS), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico
| | | | - Yaneth Rodríguez-Agudelo
- Neuropsychology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNNMVS), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City C.P. 14269, Mexico
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mondragón-Maya A, Solís-Vivanco R, León-Ortiz P, Rodríguez-Agudelo Y, Yáñez-Téllez G, Bernal-Hernández J, Cadenhead KS, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Reduced P3a amplitudes in antipsychotic naïve first-episode psychosis patients and individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:755-61. [PMID: 23507048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Event related potentials (ERP) associated with early sensory information processing have been proposed as possible vulnerability markers for psychosis. Compared to other ERPs reported in schizophrenia research, like Mismatch Negativity (MMN), little is known about P3a, an ERP related to novelty detection. The aim of this study was to analyze the MMN-P3a complex in 20 antipsychotic naïve first-episode psychosis patients (FEP), 23 antipsychotic naïve individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR) and 24 healthy controls. The MMN-P3a amplitudes and latencies were obtained during a passive auditory mismatch frequency deviant ERP paradigm and analyzed in frontal and central scalp regions. There were no significant differences in MMN amplitude between groups. There was a significant group difference in P3a due to reduced amplitude (F[2,64] = 3.7, p = 0.03) in both CHR and FEP groups (Mean difference (MD) = 0.39, p = 0.04 and MD = 0.49, p = 0.02, respectively) compared to the control group and this effect was most prominent on the right side (Group × laterality effect: MD = 0.57, p < 0.01 and MD = 0.58, p < 0.01, respectively). No significant differences were observed for MMN or P3a latencies between groups. Although a P3a decrement in chronic schizophrenia and FEP has been previously reported, our results suggest that this novelty detection impairment is present even in pre-psychosis stages in antipsychotic naïve subjects. This study supports the evidence that P3a could represent a neurophysiological vulnerability marker for the development of psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mondragón-Maya
- Neuropsychology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mondragón-Maya A, Bernal-Hernández J, Yáñez-Téllez G, Rodríguez-Agudelo Y. [Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and schizophrenia: a revision]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2011; 39:363-373. [PMID: 22127909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) is an auditory Event- Related Potential which is generated as an automatic cerebral response to any change in the auditory stimulation that exceeds a limit corresponding to the discrimination threshold. It has been widely and consistently reported that patients with recent and chronic schizophrenia display smaller MMN amplitudes, suggesting that this component may be related with alteration in sensory memory and stimuli integration capacities, which seem to increase with the disease progression. Recently, new research areas have emerged, and studies of MMN of relatives of patients with schizophrenia have been conducted in order to assess the MMN efficacy as an endophenotype. Likewise, there have been MMN studies in schizophrenia prodromes or clinical high risk subjects, aiming to know if there are cerebral processing disturbances prior to the onset of the disease. The results of these studies have been promising, suggesting the presence of auditory stimuli processing disturbances in this population. These disturbances are subtle and seem to increase as the disease appears. The MMN component may be a very effective electrophysiological tool that provides information about the automatic auditory processing in schizophrenia related to its chronicity. It may also be a relative reliable index of genetic vulnerability and clinical risk for developing schizophrenia. Nevertheless, it is necessary to continue performing studies to get comparable and replicable studies in the future that could confirm the information about MMN utility.
Collapse
|