Is Antihelminthics Necessary in Postoperative Treatment of Intraventricular Neurocysticercosis? A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE

Patients with intraventricular neurocysticercosis (IVNCC) may require cerebrospinal fluid diversion surgery for late-onset hydrocephalus in the postsurgical period. Controversy exists regarding cysticidal treatment. Our main objective was to compare surgically treated cases of IVNCC that received postoperative anthelmintics with those that did not regard the incidence and treatment of late-onset hydrocephalus.

METHODS

We searched the Medline database and extracted the following data: age, gender, stage of development of cysticercosis, type of operation, frequency of delayed hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid diversion surgery, outcome, and follow-up.

RESULTS

We analyzed 130 articles on intraventricular cysticercosis and identified 117 cases of isolated IVNCC and 314 patients in the case-control series who met inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in postoperative delayed hydrocephalus between isolated IVNCC and case-control study groups. Children under the age of 16 received anthelmintic drugs more frequently during the postoperative period. Statistical relevance was observed in all patient groups regarding the application of steroids in favor of cysticidal therapy Endoscopy was a better option than craniotomy for cases of isolated IVNCC and case-control studies. Other variables were not relevant.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who received antihelminths did not show a statistically significant reduction in delayed hydrocephalus compared to individuals who did not receive after surgical resection of the parasite. Corticosteroid therapy prevailed in people who have been treated with anthelmintics. Children under the age of 16 were administered anthelmintic drugs more frequently during the postoperative period. Endoscopy was the preferred method for all groups, but some patients with cysts in the fourth ventricle required a craniotomy.

Depression, anxiety, and quality of life as predictors of rehospitalization in patients with chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a severe condition, often co-occurring with depression and anxiety, that strongly affects the quality of life (QoL) in some patients. Conversely, depressive and anxiety symptoms are associated with a 2-3 fold increase in mortality risk and were shown to act independently of typical risk factors in CHF progression. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of depression, anxiety, and QoL on the occurrence of rehospitalization within one year after discharge in CHF patients.

METHODS

148 CHF patients were enrolled in a 10-center, prospective, observational study. All patients completed two questionnaires, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Questionnaire Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) at discharge timepoint.

RESULTS

It was found that demographic and clinical characteristics are not associated with rehospitalization. Still, the levels of depression correlated with gender (p ≤ 0.027) and marital status (p ≤ 0.001), while the anxiety values ​​were dependent on the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, levels of depression (HADS-Depression) and anxiety (HADS-Anxiety) did not correlate with the risk of rehospitalization. Univariate logistic regression analysis results showed that rehospitalized patients had significantly lower levels of Bodily pain (BP, p = 0.014), Vitality (VT, p = 0.005), Social Functioning (SF, p = 0.007), and General Health (GH, p = 0.002). In the multivariate model, poor GH (OR 0.966, p = 0.005) remained a significant risk factor for rehospitalization, and poor General Health is singled out as the most reliable prognostic parameter for rehospitalization (AUC = 0.665, P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results suggest that QoL assessment complements clinical prognostic markers to identify CHF patients at high risk for adverse events.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study is registered under http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01501981, first posted on 30/12/2011), sponsored by Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin.

Biomarker Phenotypes in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Hierarchical Clustering-A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVES

We hypothesized the existence of distinct phenotype-based groups within the very heterogeneous population of patients of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and using an unsupervised hierarchical clustering applied to plasma concentration of various biomarkers. We sought to characterize them as "biomarker phenotypes" and to conclude differences in their overall characteristics.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 patients with HFpEF. An agglomerative hierarchical clustering was performed using the concentrations of cardiac remodeling biomarkers, BNP and cystatin C.

RESULTS

According to the obtained heat map of this analysis, we concluded two distinctive biomarker phenotypes within the HFpEF. The "remodeled phenotype" presented with significantly higher concentrations of cardiac remodeling biomarkers and cystatin C (p < 0.001), higher prevalence of myocardial infarction (p = 0.047), STEMI (p = 0.045), atrial fibrillation (p = 0.047) and anemia: lower erythrocytes count (p=0.037), hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.034) and hematocrit (p = 0.046), compared to "non-remodeled phenotype". Echocardiography showed that patients within "remodeled phenotype" had significantly increased parameters of left ventricular remodeling: left ventricular mass index (p < 0.001), left ventricular mass (p = 0.001), diameters of the interventricular septum (p = 0.027) and posterior wall (p = 0.003) and function alterations, intermediate pauses duration >2.0 seconds (p < 0.006).

CONCLUSION

Unsupervised hierarchical clustering applied to plasma concentration of various biomarkers in patients with HFpEF enables the identification of two biomarker phenotypes, significantly different in clinical characteristics and cardiac structure and function, whereas one phenotype particularly relates to patients with reduced ejection fraction. These findings imply distinct underlying pathophysiology within a unique cohort of HFpEF.

The Multi-Faceted Nature of Renalase for Mitochondrial Dysfunction Improvement in Cardiac Disease

The cellular mechanisms and signaling network that guide the cardiac disease pathophysiology are inextricably intertwined, which explains the current scarcity of effective therapy and to date remains the greatest challenge in state-of-the-art cardiovascular medicine. Accordingly, a novel concept has emerged in which cardiomyocytes are the centerpiece of therapeutic targeting, with dysregulated mitochondria as a critical point of intervention. Mitochondrial dysfunction pluralism seeks a multi-faceted molecule, such as renalase, to simultaneously combat the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of mitochondria-induced cardiomyocyte injury. This review provides some original perspectives and, for the first time, discusses the functionality spectrum of renalase for mitochondrial dysfunction improvement within cardiac disease, including its ability to preserve mitochondrial integrity and dynamics by suppressing mitochondrial ΔΨm collapse; overall ATP content amelioration; a rise of mtDNA copy numbers; upregulation of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and cellular vitality promotion; mitochondrial fission inhibition; NAD⁺ supplementation; sirtuin upregulation; and anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory traits. If verified that renalase, due to its multi-faceted nature, behaves like the "guardian of mitochondria" by thwarting pernicious mitochondrial dysfunction effects and exerting therapeutic potential to target mitochondrial abnormalities in failing hearts, it may provide large-scale benefits for cardiac disease patients, regardless of the underlying causes.

The Scientific Rationale for the Introduction of Renalase in the Concept of Cardiac Fibrosis

Cardiac fibrosis represents a redundant accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting from a cascade of pathophysiological events involved in an ineffective healing response, that eventually leads to heart failure. The pathophysiology of cardiac fibrosis involves various cellular effectors (neutrophils, macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts), up-regulation of profibrotic mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors), and processes where epithelial and endothelial cells undergo mesenchymal transition. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. The most effective anti-fibrotic strategy will have to incorporate the specific targeting of the diverse cells, pathways, and their cross-talk in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibroproliferation. Additionally, renalase, a novel protein secreted by the kidneys, is identified. Evidence demonstrates its cytoprotective properties, establishing it as a survival element in various organ injuries (heart, kidney, liver, intestines), and as a significant anti-fibrotic factor, owing to its, in vitro and in vivo demonstrated pleiotropy to alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrotic responses. Effective anti-fibrotic therapy may seek to exploit renalase’s compound effects such as: lessening of the inflammatory cell infiltrate (neutrophils and macrophages), and macrophage polarization (M1 to M2), a decrease in the proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines/reactive species/growth factor release (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-2, ROS, TGF-β1), an increase in anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl2), and prevention of caspase activation, inflammasome silencing, sirtuins (1 and 3) activation, and mitochondrial protection, suppression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a decrease in the pro-fibrotic markers expression (’α-SMA, collagen I, and III, TIMP-1, and fibronectin), and interference with MAPKs signaling network, most likely as a coordinator of pro-fibrotic signals. This review provides the scientific rationale for renalase’s scrutiny regarding cardiac fibrosis, and there is great anticipation that these newly identified pathways are set to progress one step further. Although substantial progress has been made, indicating renalase’s therapeutic promise, more profound experimental work is required to resolve the accurate underlying mechanisms of renalase, concerning cardiac fibrosis, before any potential translation to clinical investigation.

Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients With Medication Overuse Headache in a Tertiary Headache Center: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

The investigators examined the association of patient-related and headache-related parameters and the effect of medication overuse headache (MOH); the occurrence of depression, anxiety, and stress; and the importance of different domains of health-related quality of life in these associations.

METHODS

Eighty-three patients (women, N=72, men, N=11; mean age, 40.54 years, SD=11.58), who were first diagnosed with MOH during the study period were included in the analyses. The Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), the 36-item Short-Form Survey (SF-36) Questionnaire for quality of life, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales were used.

RESULTS

The findings revealed mild depression, moderate anxiety, and stress, as well as changes in all examined health domains, in the study patients (p<0.05). Risk factors were identified for higher HIT-6 scores (role functioning/physical functioning [odds ratio=0.977, p=0.024] and social functioning [odds ratio=0.963, p=0.032]); for depression (emotional well-being [odds ratio=0.928, p=0.007], social functioning [odds ratio=0.950, p=0.009], and the presence of comorbidity [odds ratio=5.417, p=0.013]); for anxiety (age [odds ratio=1.091, p=0.007], MOH duration [odds ratio=1.422, p=0.047], emotional well-being [odds ratio=0.933, p=0.012], and social functioning [odds ratio=0.943, p=0.001]); and for stress (emotional well-being [odds ratio=0.902, p<0.001]).

CONCLUSIONS

MOH has a significant negative impact on the personal, family, and social life of patients and is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Patients' age, duration of MOH, presence of comorbidities, and adverse effects of physical, emotional, and social dysfunction are particularly important contributors to the negative effects of MOH.

Predicting no-reflow phenomenon prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention using a novel probability risk score derived from clinical and angiographic parameters

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to create a clinically usable probability risk score for prediction of no-reflow (NRF) phenomenon prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This single-center and retrospective study included 1254 patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent PPCI. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups in the ratio 2:1, the derivation dataset (n=840) and validation dataset (n=414). Independent predictors of NRF were identified and combined to create a prediction model using univariate and multivariate regression analysis in the derivation dataset. The risk score was tested and validated by calculating area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in the derivation and validation datasets, respectively.

RESULTS

Five significant, independent predictors of NRF were identified: age ≥ 65 years (odds ratio [OR]: 2.473, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.389-1.484, p < 0.01), heart rate ≥ 89 bpm (odds ratio [OR]: 1.622, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.024-0.945, p < 0.05), Killip class ≥ II (odds ratio [OR]: 1.914, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.024-1.306, p < 0.01), total ischemic time ≥ 268 min (odds ratio [OR]: 2.652, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.493-1.565, p < 0.01), and thrombus burden G≥4 (odds ratio [OR]: 8.351, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.344-15.901, p < 0.01). The risk score was created combining these predictors with assigned points. The overall score ranged from 0 to 17 points. The optimal cutoff value of the risk score was 11 points (area under curve [AUC]: 0.772, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.729-0.815, sensitivity 71.21%, specificity 70.34%, positive predictive value 30.92%, negative predictive value 92.91%, p < 0.001). The ROC curve for the validation group showed good discriminant power.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a novel risk score based on five clinical and angiographic parameters, which might be a useful clinical tool for prediction of NRF in STEMI patients prior to PPCI with an acceptable accuracy.

The Discriminatory Ability of Renalase and Biomarkers of Cardiac Remodeling for the Prediction of Ischemia in Chronic Heart Failure Patients With the Regard to the Ejection Fraction

Background: Renalase has been implicated in chronic heart failure (CHF); however, nothing is known about renalase discriminatory ability and prognostic evaluation. The aims of the study were to assess whether plasma renalase may be validated as a predictor of ischemia in CHF patients stratified to the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and to determine its discriminatory ability coupled with biomarkers representing a range of heart failure (HF) pathophysiology: brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity (sST2), galectin-3, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), syndecan-1, and cystatin C.

Methods: A total of 77 CHF patients were stratified according to the LVEF and were subjected to exercise stress testing. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed, and the areas under curves (AUC) were determined, whereas the calibration was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic. A DeLong test was performed to compare the AUCs of biomarkers.

Results: Independent predictors for ischemia in the total HF cohort were increased plasma concentrations: BNP (p = 0.008), renalase (p = 0.012), sST2 (p = 0.020), galectin-3 (p = 0.018), GDF-15 (p = 0.034), and syndecan-1 (p = 0.024), whereas after adjustments, only BNP (p = 0.010) demonstrated predictive power. In patients with LVEF <45% (HFrEF), independent predictors of ischemia were BNP (p = 0.001), renalase (p < 0.001), sST2 (p = 0.004), galectin-3 (p = 0.003), GDF-15 (p = 0.001), and syndecan-1 (p < 0.001). The AUC of BNP (0.837) was statistically higher compared to those of sST2 (DeLong test: p = 0.042), syndecan-1 (DeLong: p = 0.022), and cystatin C (DeLong: p = 0.022). The AUCs of renalase (0.753), galectin-3 (0.726), and GDF-15 (0.735) were similar and were non-inferior compared to BNP, regarding ischemia prediction. In HFrEF patients, the AUC of BNP (0.980) was statistically higher compared to those of renalase (DeLong: p < 0.001), sST2 (DeLong: p < 0.004), galectin-3 (DeLong: p < 0.001), GDF-15 (DeLong: p = 0.001), syndecan-1 (DeLong: p = 0.009), and cystatin C (DeLong: p = 0.001). The AUC of renalase (0.814) was statistically higher compared to those of galectin-3 (DeLong: p = 0.014) and GDF-15 (DeLong: p = 0.046) and similar to that of sST2. No significant results were obtained in the patients with LVEF >45%.

Conclusion: Plasma renalase concentration provided significant discrimination for the prediction of ischemia in patients with CHF and appeared to have similar discriminatory potential to that of BNP. Although further confirmatory studies are warranted, renalase seems to be a relevant biomarker for ischemia prediction, implying its potential contribution to ischemia-risk stratification.

First report on the nationwide prevalence of paediatric type 1 diabetes in Serbia and temporal trends of diabetes ketoacidosis at diagnosis-a multicentre study

We aimed to collect data on all paediatric patients who were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) between the years 2000 and 2019 in Serbia and estimate for the first time its prevalence. Also, the trends of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) occurrence at the time of diagnosis are monitored. We collected and retrospectively analysed the data of patients <19 years with newly diagnosed T1DM. T1DM was diagnosed in 3134 patients (53.2% male). Total number of youth <19 years with T1DM was 1735 with prevalence of 135.25/100000 at the end of study period. T1DM was diagnosed most frequently between the ages of 5 and 11 years (42.1%). At the time of diagnosis, 35.7% presented in DKA. The incidence and severity of DKA were more significant at the youngest age (p<0.001). There were significant annual percentage increase (2.2%) in the number of new cases of DKA (p=0.007). Conclusion: This first report of nationwide prevalence of T1DM in youth shows that Serbia is among countries with high prevalence of T1DM in youth. System changes are needed in order to provide better quality of health care to these patients.

The Ruminative Thought Style with Associated Anxiety Influences the Occurrence of Medication-Overuse Headache

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

To determine the relationships between the ruminative thought style, parameters of psychological distress, and the occurrence of medication-overuse headache (MOH).

METHODS

The study included 164 subjects: 83 patients (11 males and 72 females) who were first diagnosed as MOH, and 81 healthy subjects (22 males and 59 females) as a control group (CG). The study participants were aged 40.2±11.9 years (mean±standard deviation), and they were assessed using the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales.

RESULTS

The degree of rumination was higher in patients with MOH than in the CG (p<0.001). Among patients with MOH, females, patients with comorbidities, and those who overuse combined analgesic therapy had a higher degree of rumination (p=0.038, p=0.008, and p=0.015, respectively). In both the MOH patients and CG, the degree of rumination was directly correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress (r=0.473-0.557, p<0.001, for MOH; r=0.303-0.322, p<0.005, for CG). Rumination and anxiety were associated with MOH [odds ratio (OR)=1.123, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.071-1.178, p<0.001; OR=1.091, 95% CI=1.005-1.185, p=0.039; respectively]. The analysis of the mediation model showed that the link between rumination and MOH is largely direct (86%), and to a lesser extent is additionally influenced by anxiety as a mediator (14%).

CONCLUSIONS

A ruminative thought style is associated with MOH both directly and via anxiety. Psychological strategies aimed at decreasing ruminative responses and anxiety could be useful in the prevention of MOH in selected patients.

The partnership between renalase and ejection fraction as a risk factor for increased cardiac remodeling biomarkers in chronic heart failure patients

Objective: Heart failure (HF) represents a huge socio-economic burden. It has been demonstrated, experimentally, that renalase, a newly discovered protein, prevents cardiac hypertrophy and adverse remodeling, which is seen in HF. We postulated the following aims: to investigate associations of renalase with biomarkers of cardiac remodeling: galectin-3, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity, (sST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and syndecan-1, myocardial stretch (BNP) and cardio-renal axis (cystatin C) in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) to determine whether renalase, in combination with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), represents a risk factor for plasma elevation in biomarkers.Methods: We classified HF patients (n = 76) according to LVEF (preserved/reduced), applied a median plasma renalase (113 ng/mL) as a cut-off value (low/high) and created four subgroups of HF patients: HFpEF/low renalase (n = 19), HFrEF/low renalase (n = 19), HFrEF/high renalase (n = 32) and HFpEF/high renalase (n = 6). A control group (n = 35) consisted of healthy volunteers.Results: Plasma concentrations of evaluated biomarkers were determined using an ELISA technique and were highest in HF patients with reduced EF (p < .001, respectively), and renalase's positive correlations were obtained relating to all biomarkers: galectin-3 (r = 0.913; p < .001), sST2 (r = 0.965; p < .001), GDF-15 (r = 0.887; p < .001), syndecan-1 (r = 0.922; p < .001), BNP (r = 0.527; p < .001) and cystatin C (r = 0.844; p < .001) and strong and negative correlation with LVEF (r = -0.456, p < .001). Increased renalase, regardless of the EF (preserved/reduced), was shown to be an independent risk factor for an increase in all evaluated cardiac remodeling biomarkers, p < .001, respectively. However, increased renalase and reduced EF was the only independent risk factor for BNP and cystatin C elevation, p < .001, respectively. Results after multivariable adjustments (age/gender) were identical.Conclusion: When elevated plasma renalase and HF are present, regardless of EF being reduced or preserved, that represents a significant risk factor for increase in cardiac remodeling biomarker plasma concentrations. However, only elevated renalase and reduced EF demonstrated significance as a risk factor for BNP and cystatin C plasma elevation. Renalase may be considered a promising molecule for the improved predictive abilities of conventional biomarkers and is worthy of further investigation.

Headache secondary to nontraumatic brain hemorrhage: a single-center, retrospective clinical study

INTRODUCTION

The predictive accuracy of clinical and paraclinical findings for headache occurrence in patients having nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was tested.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The medical records of 341 consecutive nontraumatic ICH patients (106 females and 235 males), average age 56.2 ±7.7 years, presenting with headache (25.5%) and without a headache (74.5%), over a period of 5 years, were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

The presence of focal neurological symptoms (OR = 0.129, 95% CI: 0.044-0.372, p = 0.000), loss of consciousness (OR = 0.174, 95% CI: 0.060-0.504, p = 0.001), body temperature (OR = 0.586, 95% CI: 0.389-0.882, p = 0.010), and the values of C-reactive protein (OR = 0.989, 95% CI: 0.978-0.999, p = 0.048) at admission, as well as the presence of hematoma in the basal ganglia (OR = 0.308, 95% CI: 0.159-0.596, p = 0.000) and the presence of arterial hypertension in the medical history (OR = 0.478, 95% CI: 0.230-0.991, p = 0.047), are recognized as negative predictors for headache occurrence in ICH. The regular use of antihypertensive therapy is a prominent positive predictor for headache occurrence in ICH (OR = 1.906, 95% CI: 1.075-3.381, p = 0.027). Patients presenting with headache had a favorable clinical outcome compared to those without headache in ICH presentation (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The present results might be clinically useful for considering further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as early as possible in patients with symptoms clinically suggestive of ICH, with and without headache in ICH clinical presentation. These data require confirmation in a prospective large-scale study.

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor as an indicator of the severity of acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI), in addition to suppressing fibrinolysis, can be involved as a natural anti-inflammatory molecule in the inflammatory process in acute pancreatitis (AP). The goal of this study was to discover the significance of early determination of the values of TAFI in the assessment of the severity of AP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The prospective study included 92 patients with AP. In accordance with the revised Atlanta classification, we divided all patients into 3 groups (I-mild AP, II- moderate AP and III-severe AP). All patients were further classified into group A (mild AP) and group B (moderate and severe AP) with the aim of separating the patients with complicated and potentially bad prognosis. Biochemical markers, inflammatory biomarkers, coagulation parameters and TAFI were analyzed in all patients.

RESULTS

The level of TAFI were significantly higher among the patients with the complicated form (group B) of AP (p=0.002). The analysis of the ROC curve in regard to the inflammatory biomarkers (fibronectin and CRP) has shown that TAFI possesses the best discriminatory ability for complicated forms of AP (AUC=0.724, p=0.013), with the sensitivity of 83.30% and the specificity of 56.00%.

CONCLUSION

The level of TAFI in plasma is higher in patients with moderate or severe AP. Determining the level of TAFI as a single parameter has a greater significance in the early estimation of the severity of AP than inflammatory biomarkers that we have analyzed.

A randomized, controlled trial of narrow-band imaging vs high-definition white light for adenoma detection in patients at high risk of adenomas

AIM

The study aimed to investigate whether narrow-band imaging (NBI) can enhance adenoma detection in patients at high risk for adenomas compared with high-definition white-light endoscopy (WLE). High risk was defined as three or more adenomas at last colonoscopy, history of colorectal cancer and positive faecal occult blood test.

METHOD

Two hundred and fourteen patients were randomized 1:1 to examination with NBI or WLE. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients with at least one adenoma detected. Secondary outcomes included total adenomas and polyps, flat adenomas, nonadenomatous polyps, advanced adenomas and patients with three or five or more adenomas. A post hoc analysis to examine the effect of endoscopist and bowel preparation was performed.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with at least one adenoma: NBI 73%vs WLE 66%, odds ratio 1.40 (95% CI 0.78-2.52), P = 0.26. There was no significant difference for any secondary outcome measure except for the number of flat adenomas which was significantly greater with NBI [comparison ratio 2.66 (95% CI 1.52-4.63), P = 0.001]. Post hoc analysis indicated that one of three endoscopists performed significantly better for adenoma detection with NBI than WLE [comparison ratio 1.92 (95% CI 1.07-3.44), P = 0.03]. Good bowel preparation was associated with significantly improved adenoma detection with NBI [comparison ratio 1.55 (95% CI 1.01-2.22), P = 0.04] but not with fair preparation.

CONCLUSION

Overall NBI did not improve detection compared with WLE in a group of patients at high risk for colorectal adenomas, but specific subgroups might benefit.

The first 3 years of national bowel cancer screening at a single UK tertiary centre

AIM

St Mark's Bowel Cancer Screening Centre commenced screening in October 2006 as a contributor to the national programme. The first 35 months' experience is reported.

METHOD

Individuals with a positive faecal occult blood test (FOBT) were offered colonoscopy or alternatives if they had significant comorbidity. All screening data were collected prospectively.

RESULTS

Of the 98 815 FOBT kits issued, 42 523 were returned (43% uptake; 20.79% men). In total, 1339/1488 (90%) FOBT-positive participants attended the nurse clinic (57% men). Of these, 1057 had an index colonoscopy, 115 had a computed tomography colonoscopy (CTC) and eight had a flexible sigmoidoscopy. Five hundred and seventeen (44%) procedures were 'normal' (no polyps/cancers). Eighty (6%) individuals had colorectal cancer. The polyp detection rate in index procedures, including colonoscopy, CTC and flexible sigmoidoscopy, was 50%. The adenoma detection rate of all colonoscopies was 62.8%. The median polyp size was 5 (1-80) mm. In total, 1200 colonoscopies were performed by five accredited colonoscopists (96% completion rate). There were 13 (1%) adverse events with < 1 in 500 patients undergoing polypectomy requiring a transfusion. There was one 30-day postsurgical mortality, one perforation and no colonoscopy-related mortality. Almost all 39/40 (97%) patients in the BCS programme felt that the findings were adequately explained compared with 21/32 (64%) elective patients (P < 0.001) within the same unit.

CONCLUSIONS

At this bowel cancer screening single centre, colonoscopy completion rates were high (unadjusted caecal intubation rate of 96%) and complication rates were low. In contrast to other published data, the uptake and cancer-detection rates were lower.

New ischemic brain lesions on diffusion-weighted MRI after carotid artery stenting with filter protection: frequency and relationship with plaque morphology

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

CAS carries an inherent risk of distal cerebral embolization, precipitating new brain ischemic lesions and neurologic symptoms. Our purpose was to evaluate the frequency of new ischemic lesions found on DWI after protected CAS placement and to determine its association with plaque morphology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty patients (mean age 65.13 ± 7.08 years) with moderate and severe internal carotid artery stenosis underwent CAS with distal filter protection. Fibrolipid and fibrocalcified plaque morphology was determined by sonography according to the relative contribution of echogenic and echolucent material, and by multisection CT using plaque attenuation. There were 46.81% of patients with fibrolipid and 53.19% with fibrocalcified plaques. DWI was performed before and 24 hours after CAS.

RESULTS

Seven (14.89%) patients showed new lesions. Four (8.51%) had 6 new lesions inside the treated vascular territory. Three had a single lesion and 1 patient had 3 lesions (mean: 1.5 ± 1). Most lesions (66.66%) were subcortical, with a mean diameter of 9 mm (range 5-15 mm). All lesions occurred in the area supplied by the middle cerebral artery and were clinically silent. A significant relationship was found between plaque morphology and the appearance of new lesions. Patients with fibrolipid plaques had a significantly higher number of new lesions compared with patients with fibrocalcified plaques (P = .041). The absolute risk of new lesions in the fibrolipid group was 18.18%.

CONCLUSIONS

New ischemic lesions were observed in the treated vascular territory in 8.51% of patients. The appearance of new ischemic lesions was significantly related to the plaque morphology. Fibrolipid plaques were associated with higher numbers of new lesions.

Specific alterations of physiological parameters in competitive race walkers

Race walking is the technical and athletic expression of fast walking and it can be considered as a type of endurance performance. The purpose of this study was to examine whether 12 weeks of a specially designed training program results in the further training enhancement of endurance performance and the related physiological parameters in already well-trained race walkers competing at the national and international level. The investigation protocol consisted of determining the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and related gas exchange values using an automated cardiopulmonary exercise system and of determining blood lactate variables (aerobic threshold - LTAer and the maximal lactate steady state - MLSS) during walking with proper technique at 8, 10, 12 and 14 km·h-1 for 4 minutes without rest in between. Thereafter, the speed on the treadmill was increased by 0.5 km·h-1 every two minutes until exhaustion to determine VO2peak. After 12 weeks of a specially designed endurance training, statistically significant increases in VO2peak (61.8±8.5 mL·kg-1·min-1 pre vs. 66.9±9.5 mL·kg-1·min-1 post training; p<0.05) and blood lactate variables (VO2-LTAer and VO2-MLSS; p<0.05) were noted. The obtained results suggest that the applied training program can improve endurance and race performance in previously well trained race walkers.

Inguinal herniae: Valuable clues to concurrent abdominal pathology: A series of case studies describing unusual findings in 'routine' hernia operations which demonstrate the need for thorough surgical training

INTRODUCTION

The case series presented here demonstrates that the pathology encountered during inguinal hernia repair can often provide clues to concurrent pathology; the well trained surgeon's broader medical knowledge can lead to earlier diagnosis.

PRESENTATION OF CASES

The case series examines four cases of men presenting with inguinal hernias, who were found to have concurrent abdominal pathology after further investigation of the intraoperative findings of the surgeon.

DISCUSSION

Operating surgeons not only require the necessary surgical skills to deal with the unexpected, but must also rely on their ability to think laterally when interpreting atypical incidental findings during 'routine' procedures.

CONCLUSION

Experience and knowledge gained through a surgeon's career is essential to enable them to correctly interpret their intraoperative findings and potentially diagnose concurrent pathology. The authors believe that surgical care practitioners, trained in just 2 years, would lack these essential skills.

What is the most reliable imaging modality for small colonic polyp characterization? Study of white-light, autofluorescence, and narrow-band imaging

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

In vivo optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps has potential clinical and cost advantages, but requires accuracy and high interobserver agreement for clinically acceptability. We aimed to assess interobserver variability and diagnostic performance of endoscopic imaging modalities in characterizing small colonic polyps.

METHODS

High quality still images of 80 polyps < 1 cm were recorded using white-light endoscopy (WLE), autofluorescence imaging (AFI) and narrow-band imaging with and without magnification (NBI and NBImag). All images were assessed for quality, prediction of polyp histology, and vascular pattern intensity (with NBI) by nine experienced colonoscopists (four experts in advanced imaging) from five UK centers. Interobserver agreement (kappa statistic), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated compared with histopathological findings.

RESULTS

Interobserver agreement for predicting polyp histology using NBImag was significantly better for experts (κ = 0.63, substantial) compared with nonexperts (κ = 0.30, fair; P < 0.001), and was moderate for all colonoscopists with WLE, AFI and NBI. Interobserver agreement for vascular pattern intensity using NBI was 0.69 (substantial) for experts and 0.57 (good) for nonexperts. NBImag had higher sensitivity than WLE (experts, 0.93 vs. 0.68, P < 0.001; nonexperts, 0.90 vs. 0.52, P < 0.001) and higher overall accuracy (experts, 0.76 vs. 0.64, P = 0.003; nonexperts 0.61 vs. 0.40, P < 0.001). AFI had worse accuracy than WLE for both expert colonoscopists (0.53 vs. 0.64, P = 0.02) and nonexperts (0.32 vs. 0.40, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Of the imaging modalities tested, NBImag appeared to have the best overall accuracy and interobserver agreement, although not adequate for in vivo diagnosis. NBI and AFI did not have better sensitivity, specificity, or accuracy compared with WLE.

Flat colon polyps: what should radiologists know?

With the recent publication of international computed tomography (CT) colonography standards, which aim to improve quality of examinations, this review informs radiologists about the significance of flat polyps (adenomas and hyperplastic polyps) in colorectal cancer pathways. We describe flat polyp classification systems and propose how flat polyps should be reported to ensure patient management strategies are based on polyp morphology as well as size. Indeed, consistency when describing flat polyps is of increasing importance given the strengthening links between CT colonography and endoscopy.

Role of small-bowel endoscopy in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an international OMED-ECCO consensus

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are lifelong diseases seen predominantly in the developed countries of the world. Whereas ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition causing diffuse and continuous mucosal inflammation of the colon, Crohn's disease is a heterogeneous entity comprised of several different phenotypes, but can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. A change in diagnosis from Crohn's disease to ulcerative colitis during the first year of illness occurs in about 10 % - 15 % of cases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) restricted to the colon that cannot be characterized as either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease is termed IBD-unclassified (IBDU). The advent of capsule and both single- and double-balloon-assisted enteroscopy is revolutionizing small-bowel imaging and has major implications for diagnosis, classification, therapeutic decision making and outcomes in the management of IBD. The role of these investigations in the diagnosis and management of IBD, however, is unclear. This document sets out the current Consensus reached by a group of international experts in the fields of endoscopy and IBD at a meeting held in Brussels, 12-13th December 2008, organised jointly by the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) and the Organisation Mondiale d'Endoscopie Digestive (OMED). The Consensus is grouped into seven sections: definitions and diagnosis; suspected Crohn's disease; established Crohn's disease; IBDU; ulcerative colitis (including ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA]); paediatric practice; and complications and unresolved questions. Consensus guideline statements are followed by comments on the evidence and opinion. Statements are intended to be read in context with qualifying comments and not read in isolation.

Intermolecular energy transfer involving an iridium complex studied by a combinatorial method

A recently developed combinatorial method utilizing angular dependence of evaporation rate was used to create compositional spread thin film libraries of Tris(2-pyridin-2-yl-indolizino[3,4,5-ab] isoindole-C(1), N('))iridium(III) [Ir(pin)(3)] and 4,4(')-N,N(')-dicarbazol-biphenyl (CBP) composite, with the molar fraction of Ir(pin)(3) complex varying in the 0.0003<chi(Ir(pin)(3) )<0.96 range. Spatially correlated absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were used to quantify luminescence quenching of photo-excited CBP molecules by the Ir(pin)(3) complex as a function of the average distance between two molecules. It was found that the CBP-->Ir(pin)(3) energy transfer proceeds by the Forster mechanism with the Forster radius of 30 A. The CBPxIr(pin)(3) composite has the highest photoluminescence quantum efficiency approximately 0.95, for chi(Ir(pin)(3) )=0.03 and is characterized by a structured green emission (lambda(max)=538 nm) originating from the ligand-centered (pi-pi(*))(3) state of the Ir(pin)(3) complex. On the contrary, the PL spectra of Ir(pin)(3) bulk are characterized by a weak red emission (lambda(max)=673 nm) attributed to the lowest metal-to-ligand charge transfer state. A statistical analysis based on a binomial distribution indicates that the emission from the (pi-pi(*))(3) state is quenched in Ir(pin)(3) molecules that are in a direct contact with each other.