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Giosa L, Zadek F, Busana M, De Simone G, Brusatori S, Krbec M, Duska F, Brambilla P, Zanella A, Di Masi A, Caironi P, Perez E, Gattinoni L, Langer T. Quantifying pH-induced changes in plasma strong ion difference during experimental acidosis: clinical implications for base excess interpretation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:966-976. [PMID: 38420681 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00917.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that changes in plasma strong ion difference (SID) result in equal changes in whole blood base excess (BE). However, at varying pH, albumin ionic-binding and transerythrocyte shifts alter the SID of plasma without affecting that of whole blood (SIDwb), i.e., the BE. We hypothesize that, during acidosis, 1) an expected plasma SID (SIDexp) reflecting electrolytes redistribution can be predicted from albumin and hemoglobin's charges, and 2) only deviations in SID from SIDexp reflect changes in SIDwb, and therefore, BE. We equilibrated whole blood of 18 healthy subjects (albumin = 4.8 ± 0.2 g/dL, hemoglobin = 14.2 ± 0.9 g/dL), 18 septic patients with hypoalbuminemia and anemia (albumin = 3.1 ± 0.5 g/dL, hemoglobin = 10.4 ± 0.8 g/dL), and 10 healthy subjects after in vitro-induced isolated anemia (albumin = 5.0 ± 0.2 g/dL, hemoglobin = 7.0 ± 0.9 g/dL) with varying CO2 concentrations (2-20%). Plasma SID increased by 12.7 ± 2.1, 9.3 ± 1.7, and 7.8 ± 1.6 mEq/L, respectively (P < 0.01) and its agreement (bias[limits of agreement]) with SIDexp was strong: 0.5[-1.9; 2.8], 0.9[-0.9; 2.6], and 0.3[-1.4; 2.1] mEq/L, respectively. Separately, we added 7.5 or 15 mEq/L of lactic or hydrochloric acid to whole blood of 10 healthy subjects obtaining BE of -6.6 ± 1.7, -13.4 ± 2.2, -6.8 ± 1.8, and -13.6 ± 2.1 mEq/L, respectively. The agreement between ΔBE and ΔSID was weak (2.6[-1.1; 6.3] mEq/L), worsening with varying CO2 (2-20%): 6.3[-2.7; 15.2] mEq/L. Conversely, ΔSIDwb (the deviation of SID from SIDexp) agreed strongly with ΔBE at both constant and varying CO2: -0.1[-2.0; 1.7], and -0.5[-2.4; 1.5] mEq/L, respectively. We conclude that BE reflects only changes in plasma SID that are not expected from electrolytes redistribution, the latter being predictable from albumin and hemoglobin's charges.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper challenges the assumed equivalence between changes in plasma strong ion difference (SID) and whole blood base excess (BE) during in vitro acidosis. We highlight that redistribution of strong ions, in the form of albumin ionic-binding and transerythrocyte shifts, alters SID without affecting BE. We demonstrate that these expected SID alterations are predictable from albumin and hemoglobin's charges, or from the noncarbonic whole blood buffer value, allowing a better interpretation of SID and BE during in vitro acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Giosa
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Zadek
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Mattia Busana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Serena Brusatori
- Department of pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Krbec
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, The Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and FNKV University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Duska
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, The Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and FNKV University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanella
- Department of pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Caironi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Perez
- Department of biomedical and neuromotor sciences, Headquarter of Human physiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Gattinoni
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
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De Santis S, Varricchio R, Ceccucci A, Sotgiu G, Di Masi A, Magna G, Sennato S, Orsini M. Cerium Coatings on Pristine and Nanostructured Ti and Ti6Al4V Surfaces: Bioactivity, Resistance in Simulated Inflammatory Conditions, and Antibacterial Performance. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37150953 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant contribution of titanium and its alloys for hard tissue regenerative medicine, some major issues remain to be solved. Implants' long-term stability is threatened by poor osseointegration. Moreover, bacterial adhesion and excessive inflammatory response are also to be considered in the design of a device intended to be integrated into the human body. Here, a cerium mixed oxide (CeOx) coating was realized on pristine and nanotubular-structured Ti and Ti6Al4V surfaces using a simple layer-by-layer drop-casting technique. Bioactivity, resistance in simulated inflammatory conditions, and bactericidal capacity were evaluated as a function of morphological surface characteristics combined with the cerium quantity deposited. The results obtained suggest that the presence of CeOx on the surfaces with nanotubes enhanced osseointegration, while on the non-nanostructured surfaces, this coating improved resistance under oxidative stress and provided excellent antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena De Santis
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Romualdo Varricchio
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Anita Ceccucci
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Masi
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magna
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sennato
- CNR-ISC Sede Sapienza and Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Orsini
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy
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Gioia M, Ciaccio C, Calligari P, De Simone G, Sbardella D, Tundo G, Fasciglione GF, Di Masi A, Di Pierro D, Bocedi A, Ascenzi P, Coletta M. Role of proteolytic enzymes in the COVID-19 infection and promising therapeutic approaches. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114225. [PMID: 32956643 PMCID: PMC7501082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Fall of 2019 a sudden and dramatic outbreak of a pulmonary disease (Coronavirus Disease COVID-19), due to a new Coronavirus strain (i.e., SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the continental Chinese area of Wuhan and quickly diffused throughout the world, causing up to now several hundreds of thousand deaths. As for common viral infections, the crucial event for the viral life cycle is the entry of genetic material inside the host cell, realized by the spike protein of the virus through its binding to host receptors and its activation by host proteases; this is followed by translation of the viral RNA into a polyprotein, exploiting the host cell machinery. The production of individual mature viral proteins is pivotal for replication and release of new virions. Several proteolytic enzymes either of the host and of the virus act in a concerted fashion to regulate and coordinate specific steps of the viral replication and assembly, such as (i) the entry of the virus, (ii) the maturation of the polyprotein and (iii) the assembly of the secreted virions for further diffusion. Therefore, proteases involved in these three steps are important targets, envisaging that molecules which interfere with their activity are promising therapeutic compounds. In this review, we will survey what is known up to now on the role of specific proteolytic enzymes in these three steps and of most promising compounds designed to impair this vicious cycle.
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Key Words
- covid-19, coronavirus disease – 19
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome – 2
- mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- orf, open reading frame
- plpro, papain-like protease
- mpro, main protease
- pp, polyprotein
- nsp, non structural protein
- rdrp, rna dependent rna polymerase
- hel, helicase
- s protein, spike protein
- tmprss2, trans-membrane protease serine protease-2
- tmprss4, trans-membrane protease serine protease-4
- hat, human airway trypsin-like protease
- tgn, trans-golgi network
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor-2
- rbd, receptor binding domain
- pc, pro-protein convertase
- hcov-oc43, human coronavirus-oc43
- mhv-a59, murine hepatitis virus – a59
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- cmk, chloro-methyl-ketone
- dec, decanoyl
- phac, phenyl-acetyl
- ttsp, type ii transmembrane serine proteases family
- hpv, human papillomavirus
- hbv, hepatitis b virus
- evd, ebola virus disease
- zikv, zika virus
- jev, japanese encephalitis virus
- fpv, feline panleukopenia virus
- hpaiv, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus
- cdv, canine distemper virus
- rsv, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)
- a1at, alpha-1-anti trypsin
- aebsf, 4-(2-aminomethyl)-benzene sulphonyl fluoride
- bhh, bromhexine hydrochloride
- pcsk, pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin
- ampk, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- hcov-nl63, human coronavirus – nl63
- hcov-229e, human coronavirus – 229e
- hcov-hku1, human coronavirus – hku1
- 3cpro, 3chymotrypsin protease of rhinoviruses
- 3d-qsar, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships
- fda, food and drug agency
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Calligari
- Department of Chemical and Technological Sciences, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Donato Di Pierro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical and Technological Sciences, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy,Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
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Tomao L, Sbardella D, Gioia M, Di Masi A, Marini S, Ascenzi P, Coletta M. Characterization of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) catalytic mechanism: a pre-steady-state and steady-state study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102470. [PMID: 25068395 PMCID: PMC4113483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), an enzyme of 30 kDa grouped in the kallikrein family is synthesized to high levels by normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. Therefore, it is the main biomarker currently used for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Here, presteady-state and steady-state kinetics of the PSA-catalyzed hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate Mu-His-Ser-Ser-Lys-Leu-Gln-AMC (spanning from pH 6.5 to pH 9.0, at 37.0°C) are reported. Steady-state kinetics display at every pH value a peculiar feature, represented by an initial "burst" phase of the fluorescence signal before steady-state conditions are taking place. This behavior, which has been already observed in other members of the kallikrein family, suggests the occurrence of a proteolytic mechanism wherefore the acylation step is faster than the deacylation process. This feature allows to detect the acyl intermediate, where the newly formed C-terminal carboxylic acid of the cleaved substrate forms an ester bond with the -OH group of the Ser195 catalytic residue, whereas the AMC product has been already released. Therefore, the pH-dependence of the two enzymatic steps (i.e., acylation and deacylation) has been separately characterized, allowing the determination of pKa values. On this basis, possible residues are tentatively identified in PSA, which might regulate these two steps by interacting with the two portions of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Tomao
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Masi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
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Berardinelli F, Sgura A, Di Masi A, Leone S, Cirrone GAP, Romano F, Tanzarella C, Antoccia A. Radiation-induced telomere length variations in normal and in Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:45-52. [PMID: 24168161 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.859400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The meiotic recombination protein 11 (MRE11), radiation sensitive 50 (RAD50) and nibrin (NBN) are members of the MRE11/RAD50/NBN (MRN) complex which plays a fundamental role in the double-strand break damage response, including DNA damage sensing, signalling and repair after exposure to ionizing radiations. In addition the MRN complex is involved in the mechanisms regulating telomere length maintenance. Based on our previous results indicating that, in contrast to X-rays, high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations were able to elongate telomeres, we investigated the behavior of cells mutated in components of the MRN complex after exposure either to 62 MeV carbon-ions (50 keV/μm, at cell surface) or X-rays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) established from normal, heterozygous for the NBN gene, homozygous for either mutant/deleted NBN, RAD50 or ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) genes were irradiated with 4 Gy, with telomere length being evaluated 24 h later or in time course-experiments up to 15 days later. The induction of telomeric sister chromatid exchanges (T-SCE) was measured as a hallmark of homologous directed recombinational repair. RESULTS NBN and RAD50 mutated cells failed to elongate telomeres that instead occurred in the remaining cell lines as a response only to high-LET irradiation. Also, a kinetic study with 0.5-4 Gy up to 15 days from irradiation confirmed that NBN gene was indispensable for telomere elongation. Furthermore, such an elongation, was accompanied by an increased frequency of sister chromatid exchanges at telomeres (T-SCE). In contrast, the induction of genomic sister chromatid exchanges (G-SCE) occurred for carbon-ions irrespective of NBN gene status. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that the MRN is necessary to process a subclass of high-LET radiation-induced complex DNA damage through a recombinational-repair mediated mechanism which in turn is responsible for telomere elongation.
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Bocedi A, De Sanctis G, Ciaccio C, Tundo GR, Di Masi A, Fanali G, Nicoletti FP, Fasano M, Smulevich G, Ascenzi P, Coletta M. Reciprocal allosteric modulation of carbon monoxide and warfarin binding to ferrous human serum heme-albumin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58842. [PMID: 23555601 PMCID: PMC3605432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in human plasma, could be considered as a prototypic monomeric allosteric protein, since the ligand-dependent conformational adaptability of HSA spreads beyond the immediate proximity of the binding site(s). As a matter of fact, HSA is a major transport protein in the bloodstream and the regulation of the functional allosteric interrelationships between the different binding sites represents a fundamental information for the knowledge of its transport function. Here, kinetics and thermodynamics of the allosteric modulation: (i) of carbon monoxide (CO) binding to ferrous human serum heme-albumin (HSA-heme-Fe(II)) by warfarin (WF), and (ii) of WF binding to HSA-heme-Fe(II) by CO are reported. All data were obtained at pH 7.0 and 25°C. Kinetics of CO and WF binding to the FA1 and FA7 sites of HSA-heme-Fe(II), respectively, follows a multi-exponential behavior (with the same relative percentage for the two ligands). This can be accounted for by the existence of multiple conformations and/or heme-protein axial coordination forms of HSA-heme-Fe(II). The HSA-heme-Fe(II) populations have been characterized by resonance Raman spectroscopy, indicating the coexistence of different species characterized by four-, five- and six-coordination of the heme-Fe atom. As a whole, these results suggest that: (i) upon CO binding a conformational change of HSA-heme-Fe(II) takes place (likely reflecting the displacement of an endogenous ligand by CO), and (ii) CO and/or WF binding brings about a ligand-dependent variation of the HSA-heme-Fe(II) population distribution of the various coordinating species. The detailed thermodynamic and kinetic analysis here reported allows a quantitative description of the mutual allosteric effect of CO and WF binding to HSA-heme-Fe(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Giampiero De Sanctis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Grazia R. Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Masi
- Department of Biology and Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fanali
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology and Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Francesco P. Nicoletti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Mauro Fasano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology and Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Biology and Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
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Maranghi F, Lorenzetti S, D’Ambrosio A, Marcoccia D, Moracci G, Tassinari R, Salvatore M, Viganotti M, Tosto F, Di Masi A, Antoccia A, Nicolai S, Magrelli A, Azzalin G, Devito R, Eusepi A, Di Virgilio A, Romeo A, Taruscio D, Macino G, Tanzarella C, Mantovani A. In utero exposure to DEHP affects liver morphology, metabolism and glycogen storage in post-natal CD-1 mice. Reprod Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Di Masi A, Antoccia A, Spadoni E, Varon-Mateeva R, Maraschio P, Tanzarella C. Screening of Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 mutations in four unrelated families by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. Genet Test 2006; 10:24-30. [PMID: 16544999 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2006.10.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a marked predisposition to lymphoreticular malignancies. The rarity of the disease and the presence, in several cases, of a mild clinical phenotype make diagnosis difficult. The underlying gene, NBS1, consists of 16 exons and encodes nibrin, a member of the hMRE11/hRAD50/hNBS1 protein complex. In addition to the "Slavic mutation," 657del5, identified in more than 100 patients with NBS, 9 other mutations have been found in families of different ethnic origin. We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to rapidly detect the private mutations, 742insGG and 835del4, in exon 7 and the 900del25 mutation in exon 8 of the NBS1 gene. In particular, we designed NBS1-specific primers for wild-type and mutated alleles, and optimized a specific PCR protocol for each mutation. We used this method to analyze 4 unrelated NBS families, 3 from Italy and 1 from Morocco. We believe it could be a useful tool for: (1) confirming the NBS diagnosis in the presence of clinical signs of the disease; (2) identifying NBS heterozygotes and performing prenatal diagnosis in families with affected members; and (3) screening selected populations in which the frequency of NBS might be higher because of a founder effect.
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