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Boccaccini F, Riccucci C, Messina E, Pascucci M, Bosi F, Aldega L, Ciccola A, Postorino P, Favero G, Ingo GM, Di Carlo G. Early Stages of Metal Corrosion in Coastal Archaeological Sites: Effects of Chemical Composition in Silver and Copper Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:442. [PMID: 38255610 PMCID: PMC10820586 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, metal disks with different chemical composition (two Ag-based alloys and three Cu-based alloys) were buried in the soil of coastal archaeological sites for a period of 15 years. The aim was to naturally induce the growth of corrosion patinas to obtain a deeper insight into the role of alloying elements in the formation of the patinas and into the degradation mechanisms occurring in the very early stages of burial. To reach the aim, the morphological, compositional and structural features of the patinas grown over 15 years were extensively characterized by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Results showed that the Cu amount in Ag-based alloys strongly affected the final appearance, as well as the composition and structure of the patinas. Corrosion mechanisms typical of archaeological finds, such as the selective dissolution of Cu, Pb and Zn and internal oxidation of Sn, occurred in the Cu-based alloys, even if areas enriched in Zn and Pb compounds were also detected and attributed to an early stage of degradation. In addition, some unusual and rare compounds were detected in the patinas developed on the Cu-based disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boccaccini
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Cristina Riccucci
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Elena Messina
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Marianna Pascucci
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Ferdinando Bosi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Luca Aldega
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Gabriel Maria Ingo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Gabriella Di Carlo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
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2
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Vincenti F, Montesano C, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Favero G, Pallotta M, Pagano F, Di Francesco G, Croce M, Leone ML, Muntoni IM, Sergi M. Unearthed opium: development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of Papaver somniferum alkaloids in Daunian vessels. Front Chem 2023; 11:1238793. [PMID: 37564111 PMCID: PMC10410162 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1238793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The analysis of organic residue in ancient vessels to investigate early-age civilization habits is an important archeological application that needs advanced analytical methods. However, these procedures should meet inherent requisites such as low sampling invasiveness and high sensitivity for trace analysis. This study deals with the development of advanced analytical methods for the detection of opium alkaloids in ceramic vessels and its first application to the study of Daunian pots dating back to the VIII-IV sec BC. Methods: All the stages of the analytical procedure, from sampling to analysis, were carefully optimized. Concerning sampling, the traditional scraping approach was compared with a swabbing strategy which permitted minimizing sample encroachment. Extraction was based on pressurized liquid extraction or ultrasound-assisted liquid extraction, followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, which allowed concentration enrichment. On the other hand, a UHPLC-MS/MS method was specifically developed and validated to obtain reliable data. Some Daunian pots, belonging to the Ceci-Macrini private archeological collection, were selected for sample withdrawal as their iconography could suggest opium usage. Results: Several of the analyzed samples resulted positive to thebaine and less frequently to morphine and codeine; furthermore, 70% of the analyzed items tested positive for at least one opium alkaloid. Positive findings were common to all the samples collected in the pots, suggesting that scraping and swabbing provided comparable results and validating this unusual sampling strategy. All samples were additionally analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS to further improve the confidence level of the identified compounds. The obtained results shed new light on the hypothesis of opium usage by the ancient Daunian civilization. Furthermore, this study provided suitable analytical tools for further investigations on the same topic, with a good level of confidence in the quality of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Pallotta
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martina Croce
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Italo Maria Muntoni
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Barletta—Andria—Trani e Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Serafini I, McClure KR, Ciccola A, Vincenti F, Bosi A, Peruzzi G, Montesano C, Sergi M, Favero G, Curini R. Inside the History of Italian Coloring Industries: An Investigation of ACNA Dyes through a Novel Analytical Protocol for Synthetic Dye Extraction and Characterization. Molecules 2023; 28:5331. [PMID: 37513206 PMCID: PMC10386332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of synthetic dyes completely changed the industrial production and use of colorants for art materials. From the synthesis of the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856 until today, artists have enjoyed a wider range of colors and selection of chemical properties than was ever available before. However, the introduction of synthetic dyes introduced a wider variety and increased the complexity of the chemical structures of marketed dyes. This work looks towards the analysis of synthetically dyed objects in heritage collections, applying an extraction protocol based on the use of ammonia, which is considered favorable for natural anthraquinone dyes but has never before been applied to acid synthetic dyes. This work also presents an innovative cleanup step based on the use of an ion pair dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the purification and preconcentration of historical synthetic dyes before analysis. This approach was adapted from food science analysis and is applied to synthetic dyes in heritage science for the first time in this paper. The results showed adequate recovery of analytes and allowed for the ammonia-based extraction method to be applied successfully to 15 samples of suspected azo dyes from the Azienda Coloranti Nazionali e Affini (ACNA) synthetic dye collection, identified through untargeted HPLC-HRMS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Bosi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Peruzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Bosi A, Peruzzi G, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Vincenti F, Montesano C, Postorino P, Sergi M, Favero G, Curini R. New Advances in Dye Analyses: In Situ Gel-Supported Liquid Extraction from Paint Layers and Textiles for SERS and HPLC-MS/MS Identification. Molecules 2023; 28:5290. [PMID: 37513166 PMCID: PMC10385869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, it is still not possible to obtain exhaustive information about organic materials in cultural heritage without sampling. Nonetheless, when studying unique objects with invaluable artistic or historical significance, preserving their integrity is a priority. In particular, organic dye identification is of significant interest for history and conservation research, but it is still hindered by analytes' low concentration and poor fastness. In this work, a minimally invasive approach for dye identification is presented. The procedure is designed to accompany noninvasive analyses of inorganic substances for comprehensive studies of complex cultural heritage matrices, in compliance with their soundness. Liquid extraction of madder, turmeric, and indigo dyes was performed directly from paint layers and textiles. The extraction was supported by hydrogels, which themselves can undergo multitechnique analyses in the place of samples. After extraction, Ag colloid pastes were applied on the gels for SERS analyses, allowing for the identification of the three dyes. For the HPLC-MS/MS analyses, re-extraction of the dyes was followed by a clean-up step that was successfully applied on madder and turmeric. The colour change perceptivity after extraction was measured with colorimetry. The results showed ΔE values mostly below the upper limit of rigorous colour change, confirming the gentleness of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Bosi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Peruzzi
- Institute for Complex System, National Research Council, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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Peruzzi G, Ciccola A, Bosi A, Serafini I, Negozio M, Hamza NM, Moricca C, Sadori L, Favero G, Nigro V, Postorino P, Curini R. Applying Gel-Supported Liquid Extraction to Tutankhamun's Textiles for the Identification of Ancient Colorants: A Case Study. Gels 2023; 9:514. [PMID: 37504394 PMCID: PMC10379361 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the dyes present on a linen fragment from the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun is the objective of the present study. Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) was applied to the archaeological sample for preliminary identification of the dyes and to better choose the extraction methodology for different areas of the sample. The innovative gel-supported micro-extraction with agar gel and the Nanorestore Gel® High Water Retention (HWR) gel were applied to the archaeological sample after testing of the best concentration for the extraction of the agar gels substrates, performed on laboratory mock-ups by means of UV-Vis transmittance spectroscopy. Immediately after extraction, Ag colloidal pastes were applied on the gel surface and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) analysis was performed directly on them. The combination of information deriving from FORS and SERS spectra resulted in the successful identification of both indigo and madder and, in hypothesis, of their degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Peruzzi
- Institute for Complex System, National Research Council, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Bosi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Negozio
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nagmeldeen Morshed Hamza
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Grand Egyptian Museum, Conservation Center, Al Remaya Square, Giza 3513204, Egypt
| | - Claudia Moricca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Sadori
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Nigro
- ENEA C.R. Frascati, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Alp Z, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Nucara A, Postorino P, Gentili A, Curini R, Favero G. Photons for Photography: A First Diagnostic Approach to Polaroid Emulsion Transfer on Paper in Paolo Gioli’s Artworks. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207023. [PMID: 36296610 PMCID: PMC9607993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to study and diagnose for the first time the Polaroid emulsion transfer in the contemporary artist Paolo Gioli’s artworks to provide preliminary knowledge about the materials of his artworks and the appropriate protocols which can be applied for future studies. The spectral analysis performed followed a multi-technical approach first on the mock-up samples created following Gioli’s technique and on one original artwork of Gioli, composed by: FORS (Fiber Optics Reflectance), Raman, and FTIR (Fourier-Transform InfraRed) spectroscopies. These techniques were chosen according to their completely non-invasiveness and no requirement for sample collection. The obtained spectra from FTIR were not sufficient to assign the dyes found in the transferred Polaroid emulsion. However, they provided significant information about the cellulose-based materials. The most diagnostic results were obtained from FORS for the determination of the dye developers present in the mock-up sample which was obtained from Polacolor Type 88 and from Paolo Gioli’s original artwork created with Polacolor type 89.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Alp
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nucara
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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7
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Ciccola A, Tozzi L, Romani M, Serafini I, Ripanti F, Curini R, Vitucci F, Cestelli Guidi M, Postorino P. Lucio Fontana and the light: Spectroscopic analysis of the artist's collection at the National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 236:118319. [PMID: 32320913 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work the results deriving from the characterization of materials used by Lucio Fontana to realize some of his artworks are presented. Specifically, object of analyses are three artworks from the collection of National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art in Rome, whose complex composition required the combination of different diagnostic techniques for a complete characterization. Microscopic fragments from the artworks were analyzed through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transformed InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy, in transmission and in Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) mode, and Raman spectroscopy to obtain information on the atomic and molecular species and to individuate pigments and binders. In one case, the richness in different materials and the not homogenous distribution on the artwork surface required the additional use of portable techniques, as Visible Light Reflectance and Raman spectroscopies with optical fiber probes, to map the surface. The combination of these techniques resulted to be a powerful tool in order to obtain a complete characterization of artist's choices and provided new information to understand the evolution of his technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ciccola
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luciana Tozzi
- National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art, Viale delle Belle Arti 131, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Romani
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ripanti
- Dept. of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitucci
- Physical Science Division, Crisel Instruments, Via Mattia Battistini 177, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Postorino
- Dept. of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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9
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Germinario G, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Ruggiero L, Sbroscia M, Vincenti F, Fasolato C, Curini R, Ioele M, Postorino P, Sodo A. Gel substrates and ammonia-EDTA extraction solution: a new non-destructive combined approach for the identification of anthraquinone dyes from wool textiles. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Bosi A, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Guiso M, Ripanti F, Postorino P, Curini R, Bianco A. Street art graffiti: Discovering their composition and alteration by FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 225:117474. [PMID: 31454690 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paints used in street art are modern materials subjected to degradation processes, which are very complex and difficult to predict without taking into account of several factors. This study investigates three outdoor murals in Lazio, - namely "graffiti", a word now used to indicate a spontaneous street art tendency consisting in images and writings realized by spray paints in public spaces to provoke passersby -with the aim to discover materials application techniques and chemical composition and figure out whether alteration phenomena occurred. Twenty-two samples were collected, and their stratigraphy was studied by optical microscopy. Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify binders and their degradation products in paints and preparatory layers, while for characterization of organic pigments used in all different stratigraphy layers of samples micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses was carried out. Furthermore, micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed to study an unusual patina formed on the surface of a pink paint. This information is useful for artists as well as for conservators, who must face numerous issues related to the preservation of this modern and labile kind of artistic expression, very fashionable nowadays but often created without care for materials duration. Conservation issues were also deepened by interviews with several contemporary mural authors. Artists underlined how contemporary murals are a very heterogeneous means of expression. Different cultural tendencies coexisting result in different attitude towards conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Bosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Guiso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ripanti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Armandodoriano Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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11
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Calà E, Benzi M, Gosetti F, Zanin A, Gulmini M, Idone A, Serafini I, Ciccola A, Curini R, Whitworth I, Aceto M. Towards the identification of the lichen species in historical orchil dyes by HPLC-MS/MS. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Gagliano Candela R, Lombardi L, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Bianco A, Postorino P, Pellegrino L, Bruno M. Deepening Inside the Pictorial Layers of Etruscan Sarcophagus of Hasti Afunei: An Innovative Micro-Sampling Technique for Raman/SERS Analyses. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183403. [PMID: 31546819 PMCID: PMC6766820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hasti Afunei sarcophagus is a large Etruscan urn, made up of two chalky alabaster monoliths. Dated from the last quarter of the third century BC, it was found in 1826 in the small town of Chiusi (Tuscany- Il Colle place) by a landowner, Pietro Bonci Casuccini, who made it part of his private collection. The noble owner’s collection was sold in 1865 to the Royal Museum of Palermo (today under the name of Antonino Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum), where it is still displayed. The sarcophagus is characterized by a complex iconography that is meticulously illustrated through an excellent sculptural technique, despite having subjected to anthropic degradation and numerous restorative actions during the last century. During the restoration campaign carried out between 2016 and 2017, a targeted diagnostic campaign was carried out to identify the constituent materials of the artefact, the pigments employed and the executive technique, in order to get an overall picture of conservation status and conservative criticalities. In particular, this last intervention has allowed the use of the innovative micro-sampling technique, patented by the Cultural Heritage research group of Sapienza, in order to identify the employee of lake pigments through SERS analyses. Together with this analysis, Raman and NMR technique have completed the information requested by restorers, for what concerns the wax employed as protective layers, and allowed to rebuild the conservation history of the sarcophagus. In fact, together with the identification of red ocher and yellow ocher, carbon black, Egyptian blue and madder lake, pigments compatible with the historical period of the work, modern pigments (probably green Paris, chrome orange, barium yellow, blue phtalocyanine) have been recognized, attributable with not documented intervention during the eighteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Armandodoriano Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorella Pellegrino
- Regional Center for the Design and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Regional Department of Cultural Heritage and Sicilian Identity, Via dell'Arsenale 52, 90142 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Calà E, Gosetti F, Gulmini M, Serafini I, Ciccola A, Curini R, Salis A, Damonte G, Kininger K, Just T, Aceto M. It's Only a Part of the Story: Analytical Investigation of the Inks and Dyes Used in the Privilegium Maius. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122197. [PMID: 31212774 PMCID: PMC6630338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Privilegium maius is one of the most famous and spectacular forgeries in medieval Europe. It is a set of charters made in the 14th century upon commitment by Duke Rudolf IV, a member of the Habsburg family, to elevate the rank and the prestige of his family. These five charters, now kept at the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv in Vienna, have been subjected to a thorough interdisciplinary study in order to shed light on its controversial story. The charters are composed of pergamenaceous documents bound to wax seals with coloured textile threads. The present contribution concerns the characterisation of the inks used for writing and of the dyes used to colour to the threads: Are they compatible with the presumed age of the charters? Though showing only a part of the whole story of the charters, dyes analysis could contribute in assessing their complex history from manufacturing to nowadays. The dyes were characterised with non-invasive in situ measurements by means of fibre optic (FORS) and with micro-invasive measurements by means of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. The results showed that the threads of four of the charters (three dyed with madder, one with orchil) were apparently coloured at different dyeing stages, then re-dyed in the 19–20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Calà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel, 11-15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel, 11-15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Monica Gulmini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria, 7-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Curini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Università degli Studi di Genova, viale Benedetto XV, 5-16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Università degli Studi di Genova, viale Benedetto XV, 5-16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Kathrin Kininger
- Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Minoritenplatz, 1-1010 Wien, Austria.
| | - Thomas Just
- Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Minoritenplatz, 1-1010 Wien, Austria.
| | - Maurizio Aceto
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel, 11-15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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Persechino S, Toniolo C, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Tammaro A, Postorino P, Persechino F, Serafini M. A new high-throughput method to make a quality control on tattoo inks. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 206:547-551. [PMID: 30179798 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, practice of tattooing is very common worldwide and, along with this increasing trend, there is also an increased risk of adverse reactions to tattoo pigments that are well known and described in literature. Previous studies have reported that cutaneous and allergic reactions to a particular pigment can manifest in several ways (allergic contact dermatitis and photo-allergic dermatitis). In this paper, a new high-throughput method is presented, in order to achieve a new system for the quality control on tattoo inks based on chromatographic-spectroscopic approach. The samples, twenty-one tattoo inks and three permanent makeup, comprised the following colors: black inks, yellow, blue, green, white, pink and various shades of red (pigment that gives many allergic responses) were analyzed through the combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, the HPTLC-Raman. In particular, Raman technique has been chosen because of its high sensitivity towards the inorganic and organic pigments, main constituents of tattoo inks. Moreover, the advantage of this hyphenated technique is to overcome the problem of analysing the complex mixture of tattoo inks, allowing to obtain a Raman spectrum of each single component, isolated by chromatographic separation. This approach aims at developing a powerful instrument to establish the nature of tattoo inks and substances that could be cause adverse reactions in tattooed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Persechino
- NESMOS Department - Dermatology Unit of S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - I Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Tammaro
- NESMOS Department - Dermatology Unit of S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - P Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - F Persechino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Serafini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Ciccola A, Serafini I, Guiso M, Ripanti F, Domenici F, Sciubba F, Postorino P, Bianco A. Spectroscopy for contemporary art: Discovering the effect of synthetic organic pigments on UVB degradation of acrylic binder. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Serafini I, Lombardi L, Reverberi M, Ciccola A, Calà E, Sciubba F, Guiso M, Postorino P, Aceto M, Bianco A. New advanced extraction and analytical methods applied to discrimination of different lichen species used for orcein dyed yarns: Preliminary results. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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