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Heger A, König L, Reckert A, Schröder M, Kiliç F, Emami F, Ritz-Timme S. Further experiments and remarks regarding the possible formation of blood stains on the Turin Shroud: stains attributed to the nailing of the hands. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03166-7. [PMID: 38340162 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The formation of red discolorations ('blood stains') on the Turin Shroud (TS), a Christian relic believed to be the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth, is controversially discussed. We performed experiments to identify possible explanations for the formation of the stains on the hands and forearms of the Turin Shroud Man (TSM). In preliminary non-standardised experiments, after applying blood to the dorsal and palmar side of the probands' wrists, they moved their arms around at their own discretion to provoke blood flows as similar as possible to those on the TS. A blood stain pattern similar to that on the left wrist could be provoked by slowly turning the wrist to the ulnar side. In contrast, a branched pattern of multiple streaks, as depicted on the forearms, was difficult to reproduce. In a standardised test setup, the probands moved their dry, dirtied, or oiled arms jerkily in a predetermined sequence of movements. More body hair only slightly facilitated the formation of a branched pattern. On oiled skin, however, the formation of branches was significantly facilitated. This may support the hypothesis that the blood stains on the forearms were formed by moving the body between the unnailing and the burial. The formation of a branched pattern seems feasible if the arms were moved jerkily and were possibly exposed to water and oils postmortem (e.g. transporting the washed and oiled body). Nevertheless, the well-defined blood stains with multiple branchings are difficult to explain. Additionally, the blood stains on the forearms may have originated from deep scourging wounds, where dried blood was again mobilised by water (and oil). We are aware that no reliable conclusions about the formation of the 'blood stains' on the TS can be drawn from our findings. However, they may contribute to the discussion on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Heger
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lisa König
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Reckert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Schröder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ferhat Kiliç
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Farahs Emami
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ritz-Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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König L, Schmölders R, Jühling M, Reckert A, Heger A, Ritz-Timme S. Some experiments and remarks regarding the possible formation of blood stains on the Turin Shroud: stains attributed to the crown of thorns, the lance wound and the belt of blood. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:229-238. [PMID: 36764944 PMCID: PMC10772002 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The Turin Shroud (TS) is a Christian relic interpreted to be the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth. It exhibits red discolorations that have been interpreted as blood stains and that are the subjects of a highly controversial discussion. We conducted experiments to identify theoretically possible explanations for the stains attributed to the crown of thorns, the lance wound and the belt of blood. In the experiments with a focus on the stains attributed to the crown of thorns, a very similar stain pattern as on the TS could be provoked by simulating the following sequence of events: blood from antemortem scalp wounds is covering hair and face; blood is coagulating and/or drying; blood components are mobilised by postmortem washing and oiling. A stain pattern very similar to the belt of blood on the TS was successfully provoked by simulating the following sequence of events: The body is lying in a supine position, blood or bloodied water flowing from a wound at the right lateral chest wall; the body is rotated to the left side; the Shroud is tucked under the back; the body is rotated back to a supine position and laid onto the Shroud. The so-called serum ring surrounding the stain attributed to the lance wound could be reproduced by sequential application of serum and whole blood samples or of pleural effusion and whole blood samples onto cotton cloth. It is obvious that any attempt to interpret the assumed blood stain pattern on the TS has serious limitations. Nevertheless, it seems remarkable that we were able to reproduce findings that appear to be very similar to stains on the TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa König
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ronja Schmölders
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Jühling
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Reckert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Heger
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ritz-Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Becker J, Böhme P, Reckert A, Eickhoff SB, Koop BE, Blum J, Gündüz T, Takayama M, Wagner W, Ritz-Timme S. Evidence for differences in DNA methylation between Germans and Japanese. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:405-413. [PMID: 34739581 PMCID: PMC8847189 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a contribution to the discussion about the possible effects of ethnicity/ancestry on age estimation based on DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns, we directly compared age-associated DNAm in German and Japanese donors in one laboratory under identical conditions. DNAm was analyzed by pyrosequencing for 22 CpG sites (CpGs) in the genes PDE4C, RPA2, ELOVL2, DDO, and EDARADD in buccal mucosa samples from German and Japanese donors (N = 368 and N = 89, respectively). Twenty of these CpGs revealed a very high correlation with age and were subsequently tested for differences between German and Japanese donors aged between 10 and 65 years (N = 287 and N = 83, respectively). ANCOVA was performed by testing the Japanese samples against age- and sex-matched German subsamples (N = 83 each; extracted 500 times from the German total sample). The median p values suggest a strong evidence for significant differences (p < 0.05) at least for two CpGs (EDARADD, CpG 2, and PDE4C, CpG 2) and no differences for 11 CpGs (p > 0.3). Age prediction models based on DNAm data from all 20 CpGs from German training data did not reveal relevant differences between the Japanese test samples and German subsamples. Obviously, the high number of included “robust CpGs” prevented relevant effects of differences in DNAm at two CpGs. Nevertheless, the presented data demonstrates the need for further research regarding the impact of confounding factors on DNAm in the context of ethnicity/ancestry to ensure a high quality of age estimation. One approach may be the search for “robust” CpG markers—which requires the targeted investigation of different populations, at best by collaborative research with coordinated research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Becker
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - P Böhme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Reckert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour, (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - B E Koop
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Blum
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Gündüz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Takayama
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office, Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Wagner
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Ritz-Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Siahaan T, Reckert A, Becker J, Eickhoff SB, Koop B, Gündüz T, Böhme P, Mayer F, Küppers L, Wagner W, Ritz-Timme S. Molecular and morphological findings in a sample of oral surgery patients: What can we learn for multivariate concepts for age estimation? J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1524-1532. [PMID: 33942892 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It has already been proposed that a combined use of different molecular and morphological markers of aging in multivariate models may result in a greater accuracy of age estimation. However, such an approach can be complex and expensive, and not every combination may be useful. The significance and usefulness of combined analyses of D-aspartic acid in dentine, pentosidine in dentine, DNA methylation in buccal swabs at five genomic regions (PDE4C, RPA2, ELOVL2, DDO, and EDARADD), and third molar mineralization were tested by investigating a sample of 90 oral surgery patients. Machine learning models for age estimation were trained and evaluated, and the contribution of each parameter to multivariate models was tested by assessment of the predictor importance. For models based on D-aspartic acid, pentosidine, and the combination of both, mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 2.93, 3.41, and 2.68 years were calculated, respectively. The additional inclusion of the five DNAm markers did not improve the results. The sole DNAm-based model revealed a MAE of 4.14 years. In individuals under 28 years of age, the combination of the DNAm markers with the third molar mineralization stages reduced the MAE from 3.85 to 2.81 years. Our findings confirm that the combination of parameters in multivariate models may be very useful for age estimation. However, the inclusion of many parameters does not necessarily lead to better results. It is a task for future research to identify the best selection of parameters for the different requirements in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Siahaan
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Reckert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Becker
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Barbara Koop
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanju Gündüz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Böhme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Mayer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Küppers
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ritz-Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Mahlke NS, Renhart S, Talaa D, Reckert A, Ritz-Timme S. Molecular clocks in ancient proteins: Do they reflect the age at death even after millennia? Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1225-1233. [PMID: 33595689 PMCID: PMC8205898 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Age at death estimation in cases of human skeletal finds is an important task in forensic medicine as well as in anthropology. In forensic medicine, methods based on “molecular clocks” in dental tissues and bone play an increasing role. The question, whether these methods are applicable also in cases with post-depositional intervals far beyond the forensically relevant period, was investigated for two “protein clocks”, the accumulation of D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) and the accumulation of pentosidine (Pen) in dentine. Eight teeth of skeletons from different burial sites in Austria and with post-depositional intervals between c. 1216 and c. 8775 years were analysed. The results of age at death estimation based on D-Asp and Pen in dentine were compared to that derived from a classical morphological examination. Age at death estimation based on D-Asp resulted consistently in false high values. This finding can be explained by a post-mortem accumulation of D-Asp that may be enhanced by protein degradation. In contrast, the Pen-based age estimates fitted well with the morphological age diagnoses. The described effect of post-mortem protein degradation is negligible in forensically relevant time horizons, but not for post-depositional intervals of thousands of years. That means that the “D-Asp clock” loses its functionality with increasing post-depositional intervals, whereas Pen seems to be very stable. The “Pen-clock” may have the potential to become an interesting supplement to the existing repertoire of methods even in cases with extremely long post-depositional intervals. Further investigations have to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sophia Mahlke
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Silvia Renhart
- Department of Archaeology & Coin Cabinet, Joanneum Universal Museum, Graz, Austria
| | - Dorothea Talaa
- Regional Archaeology, Direction of the Museum "Das Dorf des Welan", Wöllersdorf-Steinabrückl, Austria
| | - Alexandra Reckert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ritz-Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Koop BE, Reckert A, Becker J, Han Y, Wagner W, Ritz-Timme S. Epigenetic clocks may come out of rhythm-implications for the estimation of chronological age in forensic casework. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:2215-2228. [PMID: 32661599 PMCID: PMC7578121 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing perception that DNA methylation may be influenced by exogenous and endogenous parameters. Knowledge of these factors is of great relevance for the interpretation of DNA-methylation data for the estimation of chronological age in forensic casework. We performed a literature review to identify parameters, which might be of relevance for the prediction of chronological age based on DNA methylation. The quality of age predictions might particularly be influenced by lifetime adversities (chronic stress, trauma/post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), violence, low socioeconomic status/education), cancer, obesity and related diseases, infectious diseases (especially HIV and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections), sex, ethnicity and exposure to toxins (alcohol, smoking, air pollution, pesticides). Such factors may alter the DNA methylation pattern and may explain the partly high deviations between epigenetic age and chronological age in single cases (despite of low mean absolute deviations) that can also be observed with “epigenetic clocks” comprising a high number of CpG sites. So far, only few publications dealing with forensic age estimation address these confounding factors. Future research should focus on the identification of further relevant confounding factors and the development of models that are “robust” against the influence of such biological factors by systematic investigations under targeted inclusion of diverse and defined cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Elisabeth Koop
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Reckert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Becker
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yang Han
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ritz-Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Becker J, Mahlke NS, Reckert A, Eickhoff SB, Ritz-Timme S. Age estimation based on different molecular clocks in several tissues and a multivariate approach: an explorative study. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:721-733. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sirin N, Reckert A, Ritz-Timme S. Reply to the letter by Kumar and Kanchan "Age estimation based on aspartic acid racemization in cariesaffected teeth: need for further explorations". Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:1467-1468. [PMID: 29654365 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Sirin
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Reckert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ritz-Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Graffmann N, Brands J, Görgens A, Vitoriano da Conceição Castro S, Santourlidis S, Reckert A, Michele I, Ritz-Timme S, Fischer JC, Adjaye J, Kögler G, Giebel B, Uhrberg M. Age-Related Increase of EED Expression in Early Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells is Associated with Global Increase of the Histone Modification H3K27me3. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2018-31. [PMID: 25961873 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from umbilical cord blood exhibit higher differentiation potential and repopulation capacity compared to adult HSPCs. The molecular basis for these functional differences is currently unknown. Upon screening for epigenetic effector genes being differentially expressed in neonatal and adult HSPC subpopulations, the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) member EED was identified. Even though EED is expressed at comparable amounts in neonatal and adult multipotent HSPCs, early adult lineage committed progenitors of the lymphomyeloid (LM) and erythromyeloid lineages expressed higher EED amounts than neonatal HPCs. We demonstrate that EED overexpression directly leads to higher H3K27me3 levels, a repressive histone modification that is mediated by the PRC2 complex. Quantitative analysis of H3K27me3 levels by FPLC-based ELISA revealed elevated levels in primary blood cells from adults. Besides quantitative changes, gene ontology analysis of the genome-wide H3K27me3 distribution revealed qualitative changes in adult HSPCs with elevated levels in genes associated with nonhematopoietic development pathways. In contrast, H3K4me3 which labels active chromatin was enriched on hematopoietic genes. In vitro differentiation of EED-transfected neonatal HSPCs revealed aberrant expression of the myelopoietic marker CD14, suggesting that EED affects the lymphoid versus myeloid decision processes within the lymphomyeloid lineage. This is in line with LM progenitors having the most pronounced differences in EED expression. Highlighting the dynamic roles of epigenetic modifications in human hematopoiesis, the present data demonstrate shifts in the PRC2-associated histone modification H3K27me3 from birth to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Graffmann
- 1 Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany .,2 Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Brands
- 2 Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- 3 Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Symone Vitoriano da Conceição Castro
- 3 Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany .,4 CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- 2 Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Reckert
- 5 Institute of Forensic Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Inga Michele
- 5 Institute of Forensic Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ritz-Timme
- 5 Institute of Forensic Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes C Fischer
- 2 Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- 1 Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gesine Kögler
- 2 Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- 3 Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- 2 Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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