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Malcangi G, Inchingolo AD, Inchingolo AM, Piras F, Settanni V, Garofoli G, Palmieri G, Ceci S, Patano A, Mancini A, Vimercati L, Nemore D, Scardapane A, Rapone B, Semjonova A, D’Oria MT, Macchia L, Bordea IR, Migliore G, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Tartaglia GM, Giovanniello D, Nucci L, Maggialetti N, Parisi A, Domenico MD, Brienza N, Tafuri S, Stefanizzi P, Curatoli L, Corriero A, Contaldo M, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G. COVID-19 Infection in Children and Infants: Current Status on Therapies and Vaccines. Children (Basel) 2022; 9:children9020249. [PMID: 35204969 PMCID: PMC8870718 DOI: 10.3390/children9020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak appeared to affect mostly the adult population, sparing the vast majority of children who only showed mild symptoms. The purpose of this investigation is to assess the status on the mechanisms that give children and infants this variation in epidemiology compared to the adult population and its impact on therapies and vaccines that are aimed towards them. A literature review, including in vitro studies, reviews, published guidelines and clinical trials was performed. Clinical trials concerned topics that allowed a descriptive synthesis to be produced. Four underlying mechanisms were found that may play a key role in providing COVID-19 protection in babies. No guidelines are available yet for therapy due to insufficient data; support therapy remains the most used. Only two vaccines are approved by the World Health Organization to be used in children from 12 years of age, and there are currently no efficacy or safety data for children below the age of 12 years. The COVID-19 clinical frame infection is milder in children and adolescents. This section of the population can act as vectors and reservoirs and play a key role in the transmission of the infection; therefore, vaccines are paramount. More evidence is required to guide safely the vaccination campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Fabio Piras
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Vito Settanni
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Grazia Garofoli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Giulia Palmieri
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Sabino Ceci
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Assunta Patano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Damiano Nemore
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Arnaldo Scardapane
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Alexandra Semjonova
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Maria Teresa D’Oria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi Macchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.R.B.); (F.L.); (F.I.); Tel.: +39-328-213-2586 (F.L.); +39-331-211-1104 (F.I.)
| | | | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.R.B.); (F.L.); (F.I.); Tel.: +39-328-213-2586 (F.L.); +39-331-211-1104 (F.I.)
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Delia Giovanniello
- Department of Toracic Surgery, Hospital “San Camillo Forlanini”, 00152 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ludovica Nucci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicola Maggialetti
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nicola Brienza
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Luigi Curatoli
- Department Neurosciences & Sensory Organs & Musculoskeletal System, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Alberto Corriero
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: (I.R.B.); (F.L.); (F.I.); Tel.: +39-328-213-2586 (F.L.); +39-331-211-1104 (F.I.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (F.P.); (V.S.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (L.V.); (D.N.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (M.T.D.); (G.D.)
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Rajoo M, Sulicova A, Mroskova S, Supinova M, Plackova A, Bystra M, Baranova L, Grezdova I, Santova T, Janakova M, Simova Z, Cinova J, Cibrikova S, Decsiova Z, Lengyelova A, Hlinovska J, Rovna S, Igazova M, Nadova M, Rakova J, Lehotska M, Moraucikova E, Mizenkova L, Novotna Z, Paukova L, Semjonova A, Schlosserova A, Vicanova M, Balkova H, Banasova V, Horanska V, Hudakova P, Hudakova A, Majernikova L, Poliakova N, Suchanova R, Tirpakova L, Perinova N, Vatehova D, Komanicky D, Koudelkova V, Capska J, Maskalikova T, Hulkova V, Treslova M. Imported tropical neuroinfections: practice skills and knowledge among nurses and nursing students. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2013; 34:45-47. [PMID: 24013609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tropical neuroinfections are still cause of substantial mortality in travelers. Therefore, good knowledge of early symptoms is very important for nurses acting as first contact persons. METHODS Nurse's practical skills and knowledge of signs and early recognition of tropical neuroinfections, providing first aid and quick action has been studied among graduates of two Tropical Nursing PhD programs (in EU-Countries vs. tropical country) using a standardized questionnaire. Statistical package EPI info was used to determine potential differences between both groups of graduates. RESULTS Acceptable knowledge on early symptoms and signs of cerebral malaria and meningococcal meningitis in returning travelers was found among 121 graduates of two PhD programs who were included in the study. Of these, 99 questionnaires were filled in Slovakia, Czech Republic and Germany and another 22 were filled in Malaysia, as a part of the Tropical Nursing PhD Study Programs. CONCLUSION Nursing students and recent graduates in two PhD programs demonstrated acceptable, although not large-scaled, knowledge of early signs and symptoms of tropical neuroinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswaari Rajoo
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Andrea Sulicova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Slavka Mroskova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maria Supinova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Plackova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Martina Bystra
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lenka Baranova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Iveta Grezdova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tatiana Santova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maria Janakova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuzana Simova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jana Cinova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Silvia Cibrikova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuzana Decsiova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Lengyelova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jana Hlinovska
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Silvia Rovna
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maria Igazova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Monika Nadova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jana Rakova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maria Lehotska
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eva Moraucikova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ludmila Mizenkova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuzana Novotna
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Luba Paukova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alexandra Semjonova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alena Schlosserova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michaela Vicanova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hilda Balkova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vlasta Banasova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Valeria Horanska
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pavlina Hudakova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Hudakova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ludmila Majernikova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nikoleta Poliakova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Renata Suchanova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Libusa Tirpakova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadezda Perinova
- St. Elisabeth University, St. John Neumann Institute of Nursing, Pribram, Czech Republic
| | - Drahormira Vatehova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dusan Komanicky
- St. Elisabeth University, St. John Neumann Institute of Nursing, Pribram, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Koudelkova
- St. Elisabeth University, St. John Neumann Institute of Nursing, Pribram, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Capska
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tatiana Maskalikova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vlasta Hulkova
- St. Elisabeth University PhD Nursing and Public Health Program, Bratislava, Work Station Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marie Treslova
- St. Elisabeth University, St. John Neumann Institute of Nursing, Pribram, Czech Republic
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