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Makhdoom A, Pratt A, Kuo YH, Ahmed N. Factors associated with pediatric trauma patients leaving against medical advice. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 79:152-156. [PMID: 38432155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discharge against medical advice (AMA) leads to worse patient outcomes, increased readmission rates, and higher cost. However, AMA discharge has received limited study, particularly in pediatric trauma patients. Our objective was to explore the risk factors associated with leaving AMA in pediatric trauma patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis on pediatric trauma patients from 2017 to 2019 using the National Trauma Data Bank. We examined patient characteristics including age (<18 years), race, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale, trauma type, primary payment methods, and Abbreviated Injury Scale. Multiple Logistic Regression models were utilized to determine characteristics associated with leaving AMA. RESULTS Of the 224,196 pediatric patients included in the study, 238 left AMA (0.1%). Our study showed black pediatric trauma patients were more likely to leave AMA compared to nonblack patients (OR 1.987, 95% CI 1.501 to 2.631). Patients with self-pay coverage were more likely to leave AMA than those with other insurance coverages (OR 1.759, 95% CI 1.183 to 2.614). Blunt trauma patients were more likely to leave AMA than those with penetrating trauma (OR 1.683, 95% CI 1.216 to 2.330). Every one-year increase in age led to 15% increase in odds of AMA discharge (OR 1.150, 95% CI 1.115 to 1.186). Pediatric patients with severe abdominal injuries were less likely to leave AMA compared to those with mild abdominal injuries (OR 0.271, 95% CI 0.111 to 0.657). Patients with severe lower extremity injury were less likely to leave AMA compared to those with mild lower extremity injuries (OR 0.258, 95% CI 0.127 to 0.522). CONCLUSION Race, insurance, injury type, and age play a role in AMA discharge of pediatric trauma patients. Black pediatric trauma patients have ∼ double the AMA discharge rate of nonblack patients. AMA discharge remains relevant, and addressing racial and socioeconomic factors provide opportunities for future interventions in pediatric trauma care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, retrospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Makhdoom
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Abimbola Pratt
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA; Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - Yen-Hong Kuo
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA; Office of Research Administration, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - Nasim Ahmed
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA; Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA.
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Bariana M, Cassella E, Rateshwar J, Ouk S, Liou HC, Heller C, Colorado I, Feinman R, Makhdoom A, Siegel DS, Heller G, Tuckett A, Mondello P, Zakrzewski JL. Inhibition of NF-κB DNA Binding Suppresses Myeloma Growth via Intracellular Redox and Tumor Microenvironment Modulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1798-1809. [PMID: 36190955 PMCID: PMC9722601 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy that is still largely incurable, despite considerable progress in recent years. NF-κB is a well-established therapeutic target in multiple myeloma, but none of the currently available treatment options offer direct, specific pharmacologic targeting of NF-κB transcriptional activity. Thus, we designed a novel direct NF-κB inhibitor (IT848) as a drug candidate with strong potential for clinical translation and conducted comprehensive in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies in multiple myeloma cell lines, primary multiple myeloma cells, xenograft models, and immunocompetent mouse models of multiple myeloma. Here, we show that IT848 inhibits NF-κB activity through inhibition of DNA binding of all five NF-κB subunits. IT848 treatment of multiple myeloma cell lines and patient samples inhibited proliferation and induced caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis. In addition to direct NF-κB inhibitory effects, IT848 treatment altered the redox homeostasis of multiple myeloma cells through depletion of the reduced glutathione pool, selectively inducing oxidative stress in multiple myeloma but not in healthy cells. Multiple myeloma xenograft studies confirmed the efficacy of IT848 as single agent and in combination with bortezomib. Furthermore, IT848 significantly improved survival when combined with programmed death protein 1 inhibition, and correlative immune studies revealed that this clinical benefit was associated with suppression of regulatory T-cell infiltration of the bone marrow microenvironment. In conclusion, IT848 is a potent direct NF-κB inhibitor and inducer of oxidative stress specifically in tumor cells, displaying significant activity against multiple myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo, both as monotherapy as well as in combination with bortezomib or immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bariana
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Cassella
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Janice Rateshwar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Iriana Colorado
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Rena Feinman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Ali Makhdoom
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - David S. Siegel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA,Multiple Myeloma Division, John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Glenn Heller
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Tuckett
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Mondello
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Johannes L. Zakrzewski
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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Ahmed M, Sarwar M, Ahmed I, Qureshi GA, Makhdoom A, Parvez SH. Effect of carbimazole induced hypothyroidism and thyroxine replacement on the growth of the long bones in albino rats of different age groups. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007; 28:484-8. [PMID: 17693962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of carbimazole induced hypothyroidism and thyroxine replacement, on the growth of long bones of albino rats of different age groups. Experimental albino rats were developed with carbimazole and carbimazole plus thyroxine for a period of six weeks. At the end of the experiment the animals were sacrificed, fixed and processed to demonstrate the bony and cartilaginous parts. The ulna and tibia of both sides were measured for intact bone length & diameter and the data compared. The reduction in length and circumference observed, at the end of experiment, in ulna was 10.89%, & 11.94% and in tibia it was 12.52%, 14.81% in carbimazole treated group respectively, while in carbimazole plus thyroxin treated group the reduction in length & circumference of ulna was 1.37% & 1.88% and in tibia it was 1.86% & 3.08% respectively. They were compared to their age matched controls. The reduction in length and circumference in ulna was 5.58% & 6.25% and 6.42% and 5.88% in tibia respectively among the carbimazole treated animals while in the carbimazole plus thyroxine treated animals the reduction was only 0.63% and 3.12% in ulna and 0.91% and 1.06% in tibia respectively. The results show that hypothyroidism and its replacement therapy affects the endochondral as well as periosteal bone growth and results in reduction in length as well as circumference of long bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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