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Tian Z, Zhao H, Peter KT, Gonzalez M, Wetzel J, Wu C, Hu X, Prat J, Mudrock E, Hettinger R, Cortina AE, Biswas RG, Kock FVC, Soong R, Jenne A, Du B, Hou F, He H, Lundeen R, Gilbreath A, Sutton R, Scholz NL, Davis JW, Dodd MC, Simpson A, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP. A ubiquitous tire rubber-derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon. Science 2021; 371:185-189. [PMID: 33273063 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In U.S. Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), stormwater exposure annually causes unexplained acute mortality when adult salmon migrate to urban creeks to reproduce. By investigating this phenomenon, we identified a highly toxic quinone transformation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a globally ubiquitous tire rubber antioxidant. Retrospective analysis of representative roadway runoff and stormwater-affected creeks of the U.S. West Coast indicated widespread occurrence of 6PPD-quinone (<0.3 to 19 micrograms per liter) at toxic concentrations (median lethal concentration of 0.8 ± 0.16 micrograms per liter). These results reveal unanticipated risks of 6PPD antioxidants to an aquatic species and imply toxicological relevance for dissipated tire rubber residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Jill Wetzel
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Christopher Wu
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasmine Prat
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Emma Mudrock
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Rachel Hettinger
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Allan E Cortina
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Fan Hou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Huan He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Lundeen
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Alicia Gilbreath
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andre Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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