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LeCroy G, Cendra C, Quill TJ, Moser M, Hallani R, Ponder JF, Stone K, Kang SD, Liang AYL, Thiburce Q, McCulloch I, Spano FC, Giovannitti A, Salleo A. Role of aggregates and microstructure of mixed-ionic-electronic-conductors on charge transport in electrochemical transistors. Mater Horiz 2023. [PMID: 37089107 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic efforts have delivered a library of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) with high performance in electrochemical transistors. The most promising materials are redox-active conjugated polymers with hydrophilic side chains that reach high transconductances in aqueous electrolytes due to volumetric electrochemical charging. Current approaches to improve transconductance and device stability focus mostly on materials chemistry including backbone and side chain design. However, other parameters such as the initial microstructure and microstructural rearrangements during electrochemical charging are equally important and are influenced by backbone and side chain chemistry. In this study, we employ a polymer system to investigate the fundamental electrochemical charging mechanisms of OMIECs. We couple in situ electronic charge transport measurements and spectroelectrochemistry with ex situ X-ray scattering electrochemical charging experiments and find that polymer chains planarize during electrochemical charging. Our work shows that the most effective conductivity modulation is related to electrochemical accessibility of well-ordered, interconnected aggregates that host high mobility electronic charge carriers. Electrochemical stress cycling induces microstructural changes, but we find that these aggregates can largely maintain order, providing insights on the structural stability and reversibility of electrochemical charging in these systems. This work shows the importance of material design for creating OMIECs that undergo structural rearrangements to accommodate ions and electronic charge carriers during which percolating networks are formed for efficient electronic charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Tyler J Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Rawad Hallani
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - James F Ponder
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Kevin Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Stephen D Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Baeumer C, Li J, Lu Q, Liang AYL, Jin L, Martins HP, Duchoň T, Glöß M, Gericke SM, Wohlgemuth MA, Giesen M, Penn EE, Dittmann R, Gunkel F, Waser R, Bajdich M, Nemšák S, Mefford JT, Chueh WC. Tuning electrochemically driven surface transformation in atomically flat LaNiO 3 thin films for enhanced water electrolysis. Nat Mater 2021; 20:674-682. [PMID: 33432142 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships built on descriptors of bulk and bulk-terminated surfaces are the basis for the rational design of electrocatalysts. However, electrochemically driven surface transformations complicate the identification of such descriptors. Here we demonstrate how the as-prepared surface composition of (001)-terminated LaNiO3 epitaxial thin films dictates the surface transformation and the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. Specifically, the Ni termination (in the as-prepared state) is considerably more active than the La termination, with overpotential differences of up to 150 mV. A combined electrochemical, spectroscopic and density-functional theory investigation suggests that this activity trend originates from a thermodynamically stable, disordered NiO2 surface layer that forms during the operation of Ni-terminated surfaces, which is kinetically inaccessible when starting with a La termination. Our work thus demonstrates the tunability of surface transformation pathways by modifying a single atomic layer at the surface and that active surface phases only develop for select as-synthesized surface terminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Baeumer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Institute of Electronic Materials (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
| | - Jiang Li
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Qiyang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Allen Yu-Lun Liang
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Duchoň
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Glöß
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabrina M Gericke
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus A Wohlgemuth
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Margret Giesen
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Emily E Penn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina Dittmann
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Felix Gunkel
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Rainer Waser
- Institute of Electronic Materials (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michal Bajdich
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany.
| | - J Tyler Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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