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Robbins KA, Bartholomew TT, Joy EE, Keum BT, Pérez-Rojas AE, Lockard AJ. Social support and psychotherapy outcomes for international students in university/college counseling centers. J Am Coll Health 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38626417 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2338426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the relationship between international students' social support at intake and international student distress at end of treatment. Participants: Data was collected from participants (n = 40,085) from 90 United States universities using the Center for Collegiate Mental Health (CCMH) database. Methods: Participants completed measures of psychological distress and perceived social support. Using multilevel modeling, we predicted participants' distress at end of treatment by international student status, social support, race, and length of therapy. Results: We found that international students who reported lower social support at intake ended treatment with higher levels of psychological distress when distress at intake was controlled compared to United States peers. Conclusions: Understanding the significance of social support for international students can help to inform mental healthcare professionals' approach to psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista A Robbins
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Theodore T Bartholomew
- Department of Psychology & Department of Africana Studies, Scripps College, Claremont, California, USA
| | | | - Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andres E Pérez-Rojas
- Department of Counseling & Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Allison J Lockard
- Department of Education, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Indiana, USA
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Pérez-Rojas AE, Bartholomew TT, Lockard AJ, Kocon JA. Psychotherapy outcomes with Latinx clients attending Hispanic-serving institutions and predominantly White institutions. J Couns Psychol 2023:2023-61661-001. [PMID: 37023273 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a large, national data set to examine psychotherapy outcomes from 9,515 Latinx clients seeking treatment in 71 college or university counseling centers in the United States, 13 of which were in Hispanic-serving institutions (HSIs) and 58 in predominantly White institutions (PWIs). We examined the hypothesis that Latinx clients in HSIs, compared to Latinx clients in PWIs, would experience greater relief in symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, and academic distress over the course of psychotherapy. Results of multilevel modeling offered partial support for our hypothesis. Compared to their counterparts in PWIs, Latinx clients in HSIs were found to experience significantly greater relief in academic distress over the course of psychotherapy, but there were no significant differences between Latinx clients in HSIs and PWIs in terms of changes in depression or generalized anxiety over time. We offer recommendations for future research and discuss the practical implications of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Bartholomew TT, Keum BT, Lockard AJ, Pérez-Rojas AE, Robbins KA, Zhao F. Measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the CCAPS-62 and -34 for international student clients. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:1261-1279. [PMID: 36623204 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES International students attending universities in the United States may encounter psychological distress related to their adjustment and experiences studying in a new context and seek services from university counseling centers. Many centers use the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms (CCAPS) to measure psychological distress in college counseling centers. However, this scale has not been tested for measurement invariance with international students. Our purpose was to explore the measurement invariance of the CCAPS-62 and -34 for international students. METHODS We tested measurement invariance for both versions of the scale using data from over 107,000 university students in psychotherapy at university counseling centers. We also examined construct validity and internal consistency. RESULTS Invariance testing indicated the measurement models of the CCAPS-62 and -34 are equivalent between both groups. CONCLUSION These findings are discussed in light of utilizing this widely-used scale in United States university/college counseling centers with international student clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore T Bartholomew
- Department of Psychology & Department of Africana Studies, Scripps College, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Brian T Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Allison J Lockard
- Department of Education, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andres E Pérez-Rojas
- Department of Counseling & Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Krista A Robbins
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Fanghui Zhao
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bartholomew TT, Robbins KA, Valdivia-Jauregui L, Lockard AJ, Pérez-Rojas AE, Keum BT. Center effects, therapist effects, and international student clients' drop out from psychotherapy. J Couns Psychol 2022; 69:287-297. [PMID: 34570536 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 2019-2020, 1,075,496 international students pursued higher education in the United States. Many of these students endure unique experiences of psychological distress that accompanies their shared experience of studying abroad in the United States. Researchers have explored clinical experiences within this diverse group, with some suggesting that international students are at greater risk than students from the United States for dropping out of psychotherapy. This issue is underexplored in the extant psychotherapy literature. Therefore, we used a large, national data set and multilevel analyses to test if international students are more likely than students from the United States to drop out of psychotherapy, defined in this study as failure to attend one's last scheduled session. Data from 65,293 clients (n = 3,970 international students), 2,735 therapists, and 131 university/college counseling centers were included in the analysis. Results revealed that (a) international students are no more likely to drop out than United States domestic students, (b) on average, centers (ICC = 0.045) and therapists (ICC = 0.071) are differentially effective at preventing drop out, and (c) therapist effects on drop out differ for international students. We discuss these findings with respect to therapist and center roles in international students' drop out from treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Pérez-Rojas AE, Bartholomew TT, Joy EE, Lockard AJ. Counseling psychology faculty’s involvement in practice: A mixed methods study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2021.1978058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés E. Pérez-Rojas
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | | | - Eileen E. Joy
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Keum BT, Bartholomew TT, Robbins KA, Pérez-Rojas AE, Lockard AJ, Kivlighan DM, Kang E, Joy EE, Maldonado Aguiñiga S. Therapist and counseling center effects on international students' counseling outcome: A mixed methods study. J Couns Psychol 2021; 69:172-187. [PMID: 34242042 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We employed a convergent mixed methods design to examine therapist and counseling center effects on international student clients' (ISCs) counseling outcomes. Using the Center for Collegiate Mental Health (CCMH) data set (2015-2017), we conducted a three-level hierarchical linear model with clients (N = 85,110) nested in therapists (N = 1,267), and therapists nested in counseling centers (N = 111), with clients' international status predicting distress (DI) in their last sessions while controlling for initial DI. Compared to domestic students, the average last session DI was significantly higher among ISCs. Random effects were significant, suggesting that some therapists and centers were more effective in their work with ISCs than others. When the proportion of ISCs seen was accounted into the model, we found a cross-level interaction in which the last session DI differences between ISCs and domestic students were significant for centers seeing a small percentage of ISCs but not for centers with large percentages of ISCs in the caseload. Grounded theory analysis of qualitative data from 11 therapists with international backgrounds revealed therapist and center factors that converged with our quantitative findings. Participants reported adhering to general clinical frameworks when working with ISCs given the lack of training on international competence (which may help explain the effectiveness gap), but also noted nuanced culturally-informed components that likely contribute to more effectively working with ISCs. Findings around center effects were complemented by qualitative results emphasizing systemic representation and engagement with diversity, creative outreach efforts, and administrative/leadership support. Implications for practice and research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore T Bartholomew
- Department of Psychology and Department of Africana Studies (Affiliate), Scripps College
| | | | | | | | - Dennis M Kivlighan
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland
| | - Ellice Kang
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University
| | - Eileen E Joy
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University
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Lockard AJ, Scofield BE, Janis R, Pérez-Rojas AE, Stauffer A, Bartholomew TT, Gundel B, Locke BD. Initial Distress, Changes in Distress, and Reasons for Ending Therapy in Clients Affected by Sexual Trauma. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2021.1907640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett E Scofield
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Janis
- The Center for Collegiate Mental Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrés E Pérez-Rojas
- Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ashley Stauffer
- The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin D. Locke
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bartholomew TT, Pérez-Rojas AE, Lockard AJ, Joy EE, Robbins KA, Kang E, Maldonado-Aguiñiga S. Therapists' cultural comfort and clients' distress: An initial exploration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:275-281. [PMID: 33211524 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which therapists are comfortable discussing clients' cultural identities in psychotherapy has been considered a valuable component of how therapists integrate clients' cultures into treatment. Cultural comfort specifically reflects a therapist's way of being at ease, relaxed, and open when discussing clients' cultural identities in treatment. Some initial research has demonstrated the relationships between cultural comfort and clinical outcomes, yet this work has relied largely on cross-sectional designs. The purpose of this preliminary study was to use longitudinal psychotherapy data to explore the relationships between clients' perceptions of their therapists' cultural comfort and clients' distress over the course of psychotherapy. Data were collected from 48 clients who attended 476 sessions in a doctoral training clinic. Multilevel modeling was used to account for the nested nature of the data. Results showed that, when session number was held constant, within-client increases in their perceptions of their therapists' cultural comfort were predictive of decreases in psychological distress. We discuss these findings in light of the multicultural orientation literature and with respect to the implications for therapists striving to be comfortable with culture in sessions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Pérez-Rojas AE, Bartholomew TT, Lockard AJ, González JM. Development and initial validation of the Therapist Cultural Comfort Scale. J Couns Psychol 2019; 66:534-549. [DOI: 10.1037/cou0000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lockard AJ, Hayes JA, Locke BD, Bieschke KJ, Castonguay LG. Helping Those Who Help Themselves: Does Counseling Enhance Retention? Journal of Counseling & Development 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey A. Hayes
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education; The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Benjamin D. Locke
- Center for Assessment and Psychological Services; The Pennsylvania State University
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Bartholomew TT, Gundel BE, Sullivan JW, Pérez-Rojas AE, Lockard AJ. Pretreatment counseling experiences, stressors, and support differences between transgender and cisgender university students seeking mental healthcare. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:933-957. [PMID: 30597538 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to explore rates of prior counseling experiences as well as pretreatment stressors and supports among transgender university students seeking psychotherapy services in university counseling centers. METHODS We used regression models to explore relationships between gender identity and prior mental health experiences, risk-related experiences, traumatic experiences, and support among clients (cisgender: n = 162,305; transgender: n = 545) seeking treatment at 136 university counseling centers. RESULTS Results demonstrate more previous mental health service utilization and greater frequency of some prior stressors transgender clients. Findings indicate the odds of transgender clients reporting drug and alcohol concerns are lower than the reference group. Additionally, transgender clients report less familial support but more social support than cisgender clients. CONCLUSION We discuss the importance of these findings through a more holistic lens that recognizes both stressors as well as positive factors that may more accurately characterize the experiences of transgender clients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany E Gundel
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - John W Sullivan
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrés E Pérez-Rojas
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Allison J Lockard
- Department of Education, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
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Bartholomew TT, Lockard AJ. Mixed methods in psychotherapy research: A review of method(ology) integration in psychotherapy science. J Clin Psychol 2018; 74:1687-1709. [PMID: 29900532 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mixed methods can foster depth and breadth in psychological research. However, its use remains in development in psychotherapy research. Our purpose was to review the use of mixed methods in psychotherapy research. METHOD Thirty-one studies were identified via the PRISMA systematic review method. Using Creswell & Plano Clark's typologies to identify design characteristics, we assessed each study for rigor and how each used mixed methods. RESULTS Key features of mixed methods designs and these common patterns were identified: (a) integration of clients' perceptions via mixing; (b) understanding group psychotherapy; (c) integrating methods with cases and small samples; (d) analyzing clinical data as qualitative data; and (e) exploring cultural identities in psychotherapy through mixed methods. CONCLUSION The review is discussed with respect to the value of integrating multiple data in single studies to enhance psychotherapy research.
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Fleming AR, Edwin M, Hayes JA, Locke BD, Lockard AJ. Treatment-seeking college students with disabilities: Presenting concerns, protective factors, and academic distress. Rehabil Psychol 2018; 63:55-67. [PMID: 29553782 DOI: 10.1037/rep0000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Students with disabilities are a growing population on college campuses and have unique challenges that put them at risk for early departure, creating complexity in efforts to address their personal and academic needs. PURPOSE The purpose was to explore academic and other sources of distress among college students with disabilities to identify possible areas where enhanced supports might benefit this population. Research Method and Design: Researchers analyzed cross-sectional data from the Center for Collegiate Mental Health to compare subsamples of students with (n = 1,774) and without disabilities (n = 1,774) on presenting concerns, and to determine significant predictors of academic distress among students with disabilities. RESULTS Results indicated that students with disabilities have many similar treatment concerns with their peers, but showed greater concerns in depression and self-harm; academic performance; anxiety and obsessions/compulsions; and fewer concerns in relationship problems. Significant predictors of academic distress for students with disabilities included attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression and self-harm, trauma or victimization, stress and academic performance, and social support from family and peers. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS These results suggest the importance of several factors in understanding the presenting concerns of treatment-seeking students with disabilities and mitigating academic distress for this population. Additional areas for research are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Fleming
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Mary Edwin
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Jeffrey A Hayes
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Benjamin D Locke
- Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University
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Pérez-Rojas AE, Lockard AJ, Bartholomew TT, Janis RA, Carney DM, Xiao H, Youn SJ, Scofield BE, Locke BD, Castonguay LG, Hayes JA. Presenting concerns in counseling centers: The view from clinicians on the ground. Psychol Serv 2017; 14:416-427. [DOI: 10.1037/ser0000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bartholomew TT, Lockard AJ, Folger SF, Low BE, Poet AD, Scofield BE, Locke BD. Symptom reduction and termination: client change and therapist identified reasons for saying goodbye. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2017.1367272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison J. Lockard
- Department of Education, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan F. Folger
- Counseling and Psychological Services, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Blakely E. Low
- Counseling and Psychological Services, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Andrea D. Poet
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brett E. Scofield
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Locke
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bartholomew TT, Pérez-Rojas AE, Lockard AJ, Locke BD. “Research doesn’t fit in a 50-minute hour”: The phenomenology of therapists’ involvement in research at a university counseling center. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2016.1275525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés E. Pérez-Rojas
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Allison J. Lockard
- Department of Education, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Locke
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hayes JA, Lockard AJ, Janis RA, Locke BD. Construct validity of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form among psychotherapy clients. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2016.1138397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Youn SJ, Castonguay LG, Xiao H, Janis R, McAleavey AA, Lockard AJ, Locke BD, Hayes JA. The Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms (CCAPS): Merging clinical practice, training, and research. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2015; 52:432-41. [DOI: 10.1037/pst0000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lockard AJ, Hayes JA, Neff K, Locke BD. Self-Compassion Among College Counseling Center Clients: An Examination of Clinical Norms and Group Differences. Journal of College Counseling 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2014.00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Lockard
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Jeffrey A. Hayes
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Kristin Neff
- Human Development, Culture, and Learning Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Benjamin D. Locke
- Counseling and Psychological Services, Pennsylvania State University
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McAleavey AA, Lockard AJ, Castonguay LG, Hayes JA, Locke BD. Building a practice research network: Obstacles faced and lessons learned at the Center for Collegiate Mental Health. Psychother Res 2014; 25:134-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2014.883652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Lockard AJ, Hayes JA, Graceffo JM, Locke BD. Effective Counseling for Racial/Ethnic Minority Clients: Examining Changes Using a Practice Research Network. Journal of College Counseling 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lindquist CH, Barrick K, Krebs C, Crosby CM, Lockard AJ, Sanders-Phillips K. The context and consequences of sexual assault among undergraduate women at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). J Interpers Violence 2013; 28:2437-61. [PMID: 23515164 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513479032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To examine the context of sexual assault and postassault actions and consequences among women attending historically Black colleges or universities (HBCUs), web-based surveys were administered in November 2008 to 3,951 undergraduate women attending four HBCUs. Data on the context in which assaults occurred were generated for women who had been sexually assaulted since entering college (n = 358). Multivariate models were run on the full sample to examine the association between sexual assault and symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated that most survivors were assaulted by assailants well known to them and when the survivor and perpetrator were drinking alcohol. Very few survivors disclosed their experiences to formal sources of support. Survivors had significantly more symptoms of depression and were more likely to screen positive for PTSD than nonvictims. Further research on disclosure and its moderating role on the mental health consequences of sexual assault is needed.
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Lockard AJ, Hayes JA, McAleavey AA, Locke BD. Change in Academic Distress: Examining Differences Between a Clinical and Nonclinical Sample of College Students. Journal of College Counseling 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2012.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McAleavey AA, Nordberg SS, Hayes JA, Castonguay LG, Locke BD, Lockard AJ. Clinical validity of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62): Further evaluation and clinical applications. J Couns Psychol 2012; 59:575-90. [DOI: 10.1037/a0029855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
In human subjects that exercise strenuously in cold weather, there is evidence that hyperventilation with cold air leads to peripheral airway cooling, desiccation and mucosal injury. Our hypothesis was that hyperventilation with cold air can result in penetration of unconditioned air (air that is not completely warmed and humidified) into the peripheral airways of exercising horses, resulting in peripheral airway mucosal injury. To test this hypothesis, a thermister-tipped catheter was inserted through the midcervical trachea and advanced into a sublobar bronchus in three horses that cantered on a treadmill at 6.6 m/s while breathing cold (5 degrees C) air. The mean (+/- s.e.) intra-airway temperature during cantering was 33.3 +/- 0.4 degrees C, a value comparable to the bronchial lumen temperatures measured in man during maximal exercise while breathing subfreezing dry air. In a second experiment, 6 fit Thoroughbred racehorses with satisfactory performance were used to determine whether strenuous exercise in cold conditions can produce airway injury. Horses were assigned to Exercise (E) or Control (C) groups in a random crossover design. Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the E treatment were recovered within 30 min of galloping exercise in 4 degrees C, 100% relative humidity (E), while in C BALF samples were obtained when the horses had not performed any exercise for at least 48 h prior. Ciliated epithelial cells in BALF were higher in E than in the C treatment. Similar results have been found in human athletes and laboratory animal models of cold weather exercise. These results support the hypothesis that, similar to man, horses that exercise in cold weather experience peripheral airway mucosal injury due to the penetration of unconditioned air. Furthermore, these results suggest that airway cooling and desiccation may be a factor in airway inflammation commonly found in equine athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Davis
- Equine Athletic Performance Laboratory, Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater 74078, USA
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