New Thiazolyl-Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potential Dual EGFR/HER2 Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Anticancer Activity Evaluation and In Silico Study

A new series of thiazolyl-pyrazoline derivatives (4a-d, 5a-d 6a, b, 7a-d, 8a, b, and 10a, b) have been designed and synthesized through the combination of thiazole and pyrazoline moieties, starting from the key building blocks pyrazoline carbothioamides (1a-b). These eighteen derivatives have been designed as anticipated EGFR/HER2 dual inhibitors. The efficacy of the developed compounds in inhibiting cell proliferation was assessed using the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Among the new synthesized thiazolyl-pyrazolines, compounds 6a, 6b, 10a, and 10b displayed potent anticancer activity toward MCF-7 with IC50 = 4.08, 5.64, 3.37, and 3.54 µM, respectively, when compared with lapatinib (IC50 = 5.88 µM). In addition, enzymatic assays were also run for the most cytotoxic compounds (6a and 6b) toward EGFR and HER2 to demonstrate their dual inhibitory activity. They revealed promising inhibition potency against EGFR with IC50 = 0.024, and 0.005 µM, respectively, whereas their IC50 = 0.047 and 0.022 µM toward HER2, respectively, compared with lapatinib (IC50 = 0.007 and 0.018 µM). Both compounds 6a and 10a induced apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle of the MCF-7 cell line at the G1 and G1/S phases, respectively. Molecular modeling studies for the promising candidates 6a and 10a showed that they formed the essential binding with the crucial amino acids for EGFR and HER2 inhibition, supporting the in vitro assay results. Furthermore, ADMET study predictions were carried out for the compounds in the study.

Different methods for resolving overlapping UV spectra of combination medicinal dose forms of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole

Four simple, specific, easy, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods were developed for the first time to examine ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in combination, without having been separated beforehand by the developed methods. Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole were determined by utilizing advanced absorbance subtraction (AAS), spectrum subtraction, bivariate and ratio difference methods. Precision, repeatability, robustness, and accuracy were all determined to be within acceptable levels after each of these procedures underwent validation in accordance with ICH recommendations. Each method's benefits and drawbacks are illustrated, and the proposed and reported methodologies were statistically compared.

Different techniques for overlapped UV spectra resolution of some co-administered drugs with paracetamol in their combined pharmaceutical dosage forms

Six simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed for the first time analysis of some co-administered drugs with paracetamol in their mixture form without prior separation. Paracetamol & orphenadrine citrate were determined by using dual wavelength, bivariate, ratio difference, ratio derivative and mean centering of ratio spectra methods. Paracetamol & caffeine were determined by using ratio difference, ratio derivative and mean centering of ratio spectra methods. Paracetamol & diclofenac sodium were determined by using advanced absorption subtraction, ratio difference, ratio derivative and mean centering of ratio spectra methods. All of these methods were validated according to ICH guidelines where accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found to be within the accepted limits. Advantages and limitations of each method are demonstrated and statistical comparison between the proposed methods was performed.

Analysis of five-year experience with tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for anterior and mid penile hypospadias

PURPOSE

Aim of the study was to evaluate the results of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty in distal and mid penile hypospadias repair.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this retrospective study, we analyzed the medical records of 195 boys (mean age: 2.1 years, range: 0.5-13 years) with distal penile (n=170) or mid penile hypospadias (n=25), who underwent TIP urethroplasty between January 2003 and December 2007 in our institution. The details of the procedure are described and the postoperative outcomes and treatment of complications are reviewed. Patients were followed up for a mean of 36 months (range: 6-60).

RESULTS

Mean duration of surgery was 57.9 (range: 40-100) minutes. Mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 10.5 (range: 7-12) days. The overall complication rate was 16.9 % with 12.6% patients requiring specific intervention. The overall rate of fistula occurrence was 7.2%; the incidence of meatal stenosis was 5.6% and of wound dehiscence was 2.7%. The difference between the incidence of complications after repair of mid or distal penile hypospadias was found to be statistically insignificant (p<0.05). Our complication rate decreased significantly from 13.8% during the first 3 years to 3% during the last 2 years. Good cosmetic results were obtained in 92.3% of cases. The functional result, as judged by the urinary stream, was good in 93.8%.

CONCLUSION

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty is a simple, quick, single-stage procedure suitable both for mid and distal penile hypospadias repair. It provides an excellent functional neo-urethra, a cosmetically normal looking glans and meatus and is associated with very few complications.