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Kim H, Le B, Goshi N, Zhu K, Grodzki AC, Lein PJ, Zhao M, Seker E. Rat primary cortical cell tri-culture to study effects of amyloid-beta on microglia function. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.15.584736. [PMID: 38558989 PMCID: PMC10979983 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.584736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The etiology and progression of sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have been studied for decades. One proposed mechanism is that amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins induce neuroinflammation, synapse loss, and neuronal cell death. Microglia play an especially important role in Aβ clearance, and alterations in microglial function due to aging or disease may result in Aβ accumulation and deleterious effects on neuronal function. However, studying these complex factors in vivo , where numerous confounding processes exist, is challenging, and until recently, in vitro models have not allowed sustained culture of microglia, astrocytes and neurons in the same culture. Here, we employ a tri-culture model of rat primary neurons, astrocytes, and microglia and compare it to co-culture (neurons and astrocytes) and mono-culture enriched for microglia to study microglial function (i.e., motility and Aβ clearance) and proteomic response to exogenous Aβ. Methods We established cortical co-culture (neurons and astrocytes), tri-culture (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and mono-culture (microglia) from perinatal rat pups. On days in vitro (DIV) 7 - 14, the cultures were exposed to fluorescently-labeled Aβ (FITC-Aβ) particles for varying durations. Images were analyzed to determine the number of FITC-Aβ particles after specific lengths of exposure. A group of cells were stained for βIII-tubulin, GFAP, and Iba1 for morphological analysis via quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Cytokine profiles from conditioned media were obtained. Live-cell imaging with images acquired every 5 minutes for 4 hours was employed to extract microglia motility parameters (e.g., Euclidean distance, migration speed, directionality ratio). Results and discussion FITC-Aβ particles were more effectively cleared in the tri-culture compared to the co-culture. This was attributed to microglia engulfing FITC-Aβ particles, as confirmed via epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Adding FITC-Aβ significantly increased the size of microglia, but had no significant effect on neuronal surface coverage or astrocyte size. Analysis of the cytokine profile upon FITC-Aβ addition revealed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6) in tri-culture, but not co-culture. In addition, Aβ addition altered microglia motility marked by swarming-like motion with decreased Euclidean distance yet unaltered speed. These results highlight the importance of cell-cell communication in microglia function (e.g., motility and Aβ clearance) and the utility of the tri-culture model to further investigate microglia dysfunction in AD.
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Karunungan K, Garza RH, Grodzki AC, Holt M, Lein PJ, Chandrasekaran V. Gamma secretase activity modulates BMP-7-induced dendritic growth in primary rat sympathetic neurons. Auton Neurosci 2023; 247:103085. [PMID: 37031474 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2023.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the effects of genes involved in AD on the peripheral nervous system are not well understood. Previous studies have shown that presenilin-1 (PSEN1), the catalytic subunit of the gamma secretase (γ-secretase) complex, mutations in which are associated with familial AD function, regulates dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons. In this study, we examined whether the γ-secretase pathway also influences dendritic growth in primary sympathetic neurons. Using immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, molecules of the γ-secretase complex, PSEN1, PSEN2, PEN2, nicastrin and APH1a, were detected in sympathetic neurons dissociated from embryonic (E20/21) rat sympathetic ganglia. Addition of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), which induces dendrites in these neurons, did not alter expression or localization of γ-secretase complex proteins. BMP-7-induced dendritic growth was inhibited by siRNA knockdown of PSEN1 and by three γ-secretase inhibitors, γ-secretase inhibitor IX (DAPT), LY-411575 and BMS-299897. These effects were specific to dendrites and concentration-dependent and did not alter early downstream pathways of BMP signaling. In summary, our results indicate that γ-secretase activity enhances BMP-7 induced dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons. These findings provide insight into the normal cellular role of the γ-secretase complex in sympathetic neurons.
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Matelski L, Morgan RK, Grodzki AC, Van de Water J, Lein PJ. Effects of cytokines on nuclear factor-kappa B, cell viability, and synaptic connectivity in a human neuronal cell line. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:875-887. [PMID: 31965031 PMCID: PMC7371517 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Experimental animal models demonstrate that maternal immune activation (MIA) elevates inflammatory cytokine levels in the maternal and fetal compartments and causes behavioral changes in offspring. Individual cytokines have been shown to modulate neurite outgrowth and synaptic connectivity in cultured rodent neurons, but whether clinically relevant cytokine mixtures similarly modulate neurodevelopment in human neurons is not known. To address this, we quantified apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, and synapse number in the LUHMES human neuronal cell line exposed to varying concentrations of: (1) a mixture of 12 cytokines and chemokines (EMA) elevated in mid-gestational serum samples from mothers of children with autism and intellectual disability; (2) an inflammatory cytokine mixture (ICM) comprised of five cytokines elevated in experimental MIA models; or (3) individual cytokines in ICM. At concentrations that activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in LUHMES cells, EMA and ICM induced caspase-3/7 activity. ICM altered neurite outgrowth, but only at concentrations that also reduced cell viability, whereas ICM reduced synapse number independent of changes in cell viability. Individual cytokines in ICM phenocopied the effects of ICM on NF-κB activation and synaptic connectivity, but did not completely mimic the effects of ICM on apoptosis. These results demonstrate that clinically relevant cytokine mixtures modulate apoptosis and synaptic density in developing human neurons. Given the relevance of these neurodevelopmental processes in NDDs, our findings support the hypothesis that cytokines contribute to the adverse effects of MIA on children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Matelski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Rhianna K. Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis
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Toedebusch R, Grodzki AC, Dickinson PJ, Woolard K, Vinson N, Sturges B, Snyder J, Li CF, Nagasaka O, Consales B, Vernau K, Knipe M, Murthy V, Lein PJ, Toedebusch CM. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages augment tumorigenicity in canine astrocytoma, a naturally occurring model of human glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab062. [PMID: 34131649 PMCID: PMC8193901 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) markedly influence glioma progression. Under the influence of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB), GAMs are polarized toward a tumor-supportive phenotype. However, neither therapeutic targeting of GAM recruitment nor TGFB signaling demonstrated efficacy in glioma patients despite efficacy in preclinical models, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of the TGFB/GAM axis. Spontaneously occurring canine gliomas share many features with human glioma and provide a complementary translational animal model for further study. Given the importance of GAM and TGFB in human glioma, the aims of this study were to further define the GAM-associated molecular profile and the relevance of TGFB signaling in canine glioma that may serve as the basis for future translational studies. METHODS GAM morphometry, levels of GAM-associated molecules, and the canonical TGFB signaling axis were compared in archived samples of canine astrocytomas versus normal canine brain. Furthermore, the effect of TGFB on the malignant phenotype of canine astrocytoma cells was evaluated. RESULTS GAMs diffusely infiltrated canine astrocytomas. GAM density was increased in high-grade tumors that correlated with a pro-tumorigenic molecular signature and upregulation of the canonical TGFB signaling axis. Moreover, TGFB1 enhanced the migration of canine astrocytoma cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Canine astrocytomas share a similar GAM-associated immune landscape with human adult glioma. Our data also support a contributing role for TGFB1 signaling in the malignant phenotype of canine astrocytoma. These data further support naturally occurring canine glioma as a valid model for the investigation of GAM-associated therapeutic strategies for human malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Toedebusch
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nicole Vinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Beverly Sturges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - John Snyder
- Riemann Computing, LLC, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chai-Fei Li
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ori Nagasaka
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Blaire Consales
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karen Vernau
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marguerite Knipe
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vishal Murthy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine M Toedebusch
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Dunlap LE, Azinfar A, Ly C, Cameron LP, Viswanathan J, Tombari RJ, Myers-Turnbull D, Taylor JC, Grodzki AC, Lein PJ, Kokel D, Olson DE. Identification of Psychoplastogenic N, N-Dimethylaminoisotryptamine (isoDMT) Analogues through Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1142-1155. [PMID: 31977208 PMCID: PMC7075704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and other psychoplastogens possess enormous potential as neurotherapeutics due to their ability to potently promote neuronal growth. Here, we report the first-ever structure-activity relationship study with the explicit goal of identifying novel psychoplastogens. We have discovered several key features of the psychoplastogenic pharmacophore and used this information to develop N,N-dimethylaminoisotryptamine (isoDMT) psychoplastogens that are easier to synthesize, have improved physicochemical properties, and possess reduced hallucinogenic potential as compared to their DMT counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E. Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arya Azinfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Calvin Ly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lindsay P. Cameron
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Jayashri Viswanathan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert J. Tombari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Douglas Myers-Turnbull
- Quantitative Biosciences Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jack C. Taylor
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Kokel
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - David E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2102, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 544 Newton Ct, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hennebelle M, Morgan RK, Sethi S, Zhang Z, Chen H, Grodzki AC, Lein PJ, Taha AY. Linoleic acid-derived metabolites constitute the majority of oxylipins in the rat pup brain and stimulate axonal growth in primary rat cortical neuron-glia co-cultures in a sex-dependent manner. J Neurochem 2020; 152:195-207. [PMID: 31283837 PMCID: PMC6949423 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In adult rats, omega-6 linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) serves as a precursor to oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs) known to regulate multiple signaling processes in the brain. However, little is known regarding the levels or role(s) of LA and its metabolites during brain development. To address this gap, fatty acids within various brain lipid pools, and their oxidized metabolites (oxylipins) were quantified in brains from 1-day-old male and female pups using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Primary neuron-glia co-cultures derived from postnatal day 0-1 male and female rat neocortex were exposed to vehicle (0.1% ethanol), LA, the OXLAM 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), or prostaglandin E2 at 10-1000 nM for 48 h to test their effects on neuronal morphology. In both male and female pups, LA accounted for 1-3% of fatty acids detected in brain phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. It was not detected in triacylglycerols, and free fatty acids. Unesterified OXLAMs constituted 47-53% of measured unesterified oxylipins in males and females (vs. ~5-7% reported in adult rat brain). Of these, 13-HODE was the most abundant, accounting for 30-33% of measured OXLAMs. Brain fatty acid and OXLAM concentrations did not differ between sexes. LA and 13-HODE significantly increased axonal outgrowth. Separate analyses of cultures derived from male versus female pups revealed that LA at 1, 50, and 1000 nM, significantly increased axonal outgrowth in female but not male cortical neurons, whereas 13-HODE at 100 nM significantly increased axonal outgrowth in male but not female cortical neurons. prostaglandin E2 did not alter neuronal outgrowth in either sex. This study demonstrates that OXLAMs constitute the majority of unesterified oxylipins in the developing rat brain despite low relative abundance of their LA precursor, and highlights a novel role of LA and 13-HODE in differentially influencing neuronal morphogenesis in the developing male and female brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hennebelle
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rhianna K. Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Shaffo FC, Grodzki AC, Schelegle ES, Lein PJ. The Organophosphorus Pesticide Chlorpyrifos Induces Sex-Specific Airway Hyperreactivity in Adult Rats. Toxicol Sci 2019; 165:244-253. [PMID: 29939342 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are associated with increased incidence of asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Although the canonical mechanism of OP neurotoxicity is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), it was previously reported that the OP chlorpyrifos (CPF) causes airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in guinea pigs at levels that do not inhibit lung or brain AChE. The guinea pig is considered to have inherently hyperresponsive airways, thus, cross-species validation is needed to confirm relevance to humans. Additionally, sex differences in asthma incidence have been demonstrated in the human population, but whether OP-induced AHR is sex-dependent has not been systematically studied in a preclinical model. In this study, 8-week old male and female Sprague Dawley rats were administered CPF at doses causing comparable AChE inhibition in whole lung homogenate (30 mg/kg in males, 7 mg/kg in females, sc) prior to assessing pulmonary mechanics in response to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 d or 14 d post-exposure in males, and 24 h or 7 d post-exposure in females. CPF significantly potentiated vagally induced airway resistance and tissue elastance at 7 d post-exposure in males, and at 24 h and 7 d post-exposure in females. These effects occurred independent of significant AChE inhibition in cerebellum, blood, trachealis, or isolated airway, suggesting that AChE independent OP-induced airway hyperreactivity is a cross-species phenomenon. These findings have significant implications for assessing the risk posed by CPF, and potentially other OPs, to human health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward S Schelegle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Grodzki AC, Schelegle E, Lein P. Developmental Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Modulates Pulmonary Function in Adult Rats. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.812.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of California‐Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCA
| | - Edward Schelegle
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell BiologyUniversity of California‐Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCA
| | - Pamela Lein
- Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of California‐Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCA
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Shaffo FC, Grodzki AC, Fryer AD, Lein PJ. Mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticide toxicity in the context of airway hyperreactivity and asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L485-L501. [PMID: 29952220 PMCID: PMC6230874 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00211.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies have identified an association between occupational exposures to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and asthma or asthmatic symptoms in adults. Emerging epidemiologic data suggest that environmentally relevant levels of OPs may also be linked to respiratory dysfunction in the general population and that in utero and/or early life exposures to environmental OPs may increase risk for childhood asthma. In support of a causal link between OPs and asthma, experimental evidence demonstrates that occupationally and environmentally relevant OP exposures induce bronchospasm and airway hyperreactivity in preclinical models. Mechanistic studies have identified blockade of autoinhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves that innervate airway smooth muscle as one mechanism by which OPs induce airway hyperreactivity, but significant questions remain regarding the mechanism(s) by which OPs cause neuronal M2 receptor dysfunction and, more generally, how OPs cause persistent asthma, especially after developmental exposures. The goals of this review are to 1) summarize current understanding of OPs in asthma; 2) discuss mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity that warrant consideration in the context of OP-induced airway hyperreactivity and asthma, specifically, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, neural plasticity, and neurogenic inflammation; and 3) identify critical data gaps that need to be addressed in order to better protect adults and children against the harmful respiratory effects of low-level OP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Shaffo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
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Stamou M, Grodzki AC, van Oostrum M, Wollscheid B, Lein PJ. Fc gamma receptors are expressed in the developing rat brain and activate downstream signaling molecules upon cross-linking with immune complex. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:7. [PMID: 29306331 PMCID: PMC5756609 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure of the developing brain to immune mediators, including antibodies, is postulated to increase risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative disease. It has been suggested that immunoglobulin G-immune complexes (IgG-IC) activate Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) expressed on neurons to modify signaling events in these cells. However, testing this hypothesis is hindered by a paucity of data regarding neuronal FcγR expression and function. Methods FcγR transcript expression in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum of neonatal male and female rats was investigated ex vivo and in mixed cultures of primary hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes using quantitative PCR analyses. Expression at the protein level in mixed cultures of primary hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes was determined by immunocytochemistry, western blotting, proteotype analysis, and flow cytometry. The functionality of these receptors was assessed by measuring changes in intracellular calcium levels, Erk phosphorylation, and IgG internalization following stimulation with IgG-immune complexes. Results FcgrIa, FcgrIIa, FcgrIIb, FcgrIIIa, and Fcgrt transcripts were detectable in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum at postnatal days 1 and 7. These transcripts were also present in primary hippocampal and cortical cell cultures, where their expression was modulated by IFNγ. Expression of FcγRIa, FcγRIIb, and FcγRIIIa, but not FcγRIIa or FcRn proteins, was confirmed in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes at the single cell level. A subpopulation of these cells co-expressed the activating FcγRIa and the inhibitory FcγRIIb. Functional analyses demonstrated that exposure of hippocampal and cortical cell cultures to IgG-IC increases intracellular calcium and Erk phosphorylation and triggers FcγR-mediated internalization of IgG. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that developing neurons and astrocytes in the hippocampus and the cortex express signaling competent FcγR. These findings suggest that IgG antibodies may influence normal neurodevelopment or function via direct interactions with FcγR on non-immune cells in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1050-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Stamou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marc van Oostrum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Pasupuleti N, Grodzki AC, Gorin F. Mis-trafficking of endosomal urokinase proteins triggers drug-induced glioma nonapoptotic cell death. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:683-96. [PMID: 25634671 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Benzylglycinyl-amiloride (UCD38B) is the parent molecule of a class of anticancer small molecules that kill proliferative and nonproliferative high-grade glioma cells by programmed necrosis. UCD38B intracellularly triggers endocytosis, causing 40-50% of endosomes containing proteins of the urokinase plasminogen activator system (uPAS) to relocate to perinuclear mitochondrial regions. Endosomal "mis-trafficking" caused by UCD38B in human glioma cells corresponds to mitochondrial depolarization with the release and nuclear translocation of apoptotis-inducing factor (AIF) followed by irreversible caspase-independent cell demise. High-content quantification of immunocytochemical colocalization studies identified that UCD38B treatment increased endocytosis of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) into the early and late endosomes by 4- to 5-fold prior to AIF nuclear translocation and subsequent glioma demise. PAI-1 was found to comparably relocate with a subset of early and late endosomes in four different human glioma cell lines after UCD38B treatment, followed by caspase-independent, nonapoptotic cell death. Following UCD38B treatment, the receptor guidance protein LRP-1, which is required for endosomal recycling of the uPA receptor to the plasmalemma, remained abnormally associated with PAI-1 in early and late endosomes. The resultant aberrant endosomal recycling increased the total cellular content of the uPA-PAI-1 protein complex. Reversible inhibition of cellular endocytosis demonstrated that UCD38B bypasses the plasmalemmal uPAS complex and directly acts intracellularly to alter uPAS endocytotic trafficking. UCD38B represents a class of small molecules whose anticancer cytotoxicity is a consequence of causing the mis-trafficking of early and late endosomes containing uPAS cargo and leading to AIF-mediated necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarekha Pasupuleti
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (N.P., F.G.), and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (N.P., A.C.G., F.G.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (N.P., F.G.), and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (N.P., A.C.G., F.G.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Fredric Gorin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (N.P., F.G.), and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (N.P., A.C.G., F.G.), University of California, Davis, California
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Abstract
Ion exchange chromatography techniques are the focus of this chapter and they showcase the power of this method for the purification of proteins and monoclonal antibodies. The technique is powerful and can separate biomolecules that have minor differences in their net charge, e.g., two protein molecules differing by a single charged amino acid. Given the amphoteric character of proteins the pH of the solution is important in the determination of the type of ion exchanger used. Immunoglobulins, although they can be purified by either cation or anion exchange chromatography, are most frequently purified by anion exchange with DEAE resins. The purification of the rabbit IgG fraction from serum using a DEAE column is detailed as well as the purification of IgG from ascitic fluid using FPLC, from loading to elution of the purified and concentrated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Receptors and Signal Transduction Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Antibodies can be purified by a variety of methods based on their unique physical and chemical properties such as size, solubility, charge, hydrophobicity and binding affinity. This chapter focuses on ammonium sulfate precipitation as a convenient first step in antibody purification in that, it allows the concentration of the starting material and the precipitation of the desired protein. The principle of ammonium sulfate precipitation lies in "salting out" proteins from the solution. The proteins are prevented to form hydrogen bonds with water and the salt facilitates their interaction with each other forming aggregates that afterward precipitate out of solution. Gel filtration or size- exclusion chromatography is also discussed in this chapter. Gel filtration is based on the relative size of protein molecules and it is of great value to separate IgMs, exchange buffers and/or desalt solutions. The columns designed to separate the proteins are composed of porous beads and the proteins will flow through the packed column inside and around the beads, depending on its size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Receptors and Signal Transduction Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Affinity chromatography relies on the reversible interaction between a protein and a specific ligand immobilized in a chromatographic matrix. The sample is applied under conditions that favor specific binding to the ligand as the result of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals' forces and/or hydrogen bonding. After washing away the unbound material the bound protein is recovered by changing the buffer conditions to those that favor desorption. The technique has been used not only to isolate antigen-specific antibodies but also to remove specific contaminants from biological samples. Methods are described for the purification of immunoglobulins, namely IgG, IgG fragments and subclasses, using the high affinity of protein A and protein G coupled to agarose. In the Subheading 3 there are also protocols for affinity purification using a specific ligand coupled to commercial matrices like CNBr- Sepharose 4-B and Affigel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Receptors and Signal Transduction Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Antibodies are a powerful and essential tool in scientific laboratories being used in an array of applications such as immuno-histochemistry, immunobloting, immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The different sources for antibodies include polyclonal antisera from immunized animals and monoclonal antibodies from cells in culture or from ascites in animals. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have their advantages, and or disadvantages, but in general the production of monoclonal antibodies is more time consuming and requires tissue culture facilities and skills. The use of either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies in some of the applications may require that the antibody is in a purified form. They can be purified by a variety of methods described in the next few chapters. The availability of commercially available kits primarily designed for the purification of IgG and IgM classes of antibodies derived from all common animal species should also be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Receptors and Signal Transduction Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jamur MC, Grodzki AC, Moreno AN, de Mello LDF, Pastor MV, Berenstein EH, Siraganian RP, Oliver C. Identification and isolation of rat bone marrow-derived mast cells using the mast cell-specific monoclonal antibody AA4. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:219-28. [PMID: 11156690 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of mast cell maturation, structure, and function have been hampered by the lack of mast cell-specific markers. In this study, using a well-characterized mast cell-specific monoclonal antibody, MAb AA4, mast cells from rat bone marrow in various stages of maturation were isolated and characterized. The very immature mast cells, which have not been previously described, contained few granules and would not be recognized as mast cells by standard cytological methods. Pure populations of mast cells were isolated from the bone marrow using MAb AA4-conjugated magnetic beads. The same stages of maturation were observed in the isolated mast cells as were seen in the unfractionated bone marrow. All of these cells were immunopositive for the alpha-subunit of Fc epsilon RI, IgE, and c-kit, confirming their identity as mast cells. By direct counting of immunolabled cells and by flow cytometry, approximately 2.4% of the cells in the bone marrow are mast cells. Staining with toluidine blue and berberine sulfate, as well as RT-PCR of the cells, indicates that these cells are connective tissue-type mast cells. The use of immunological methods for identification of mast cell precursors should facilitate the study of these cells. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:219-228, 2001)
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jamur
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
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Jamur MC, Grodzki AC, Moreno AN, Swaim WD, Siraganian RP, Oliver C. Immunomagnetic isolation of rat bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mast cells. J Histochem Cytochem 1997; 45:1715-22. [PMID: 9389775 DOI: 10.1177/002215549704501215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are difficult to purify from heterogeneous cell populations and to preserve, especially for pre-embedding immunostaining at the ultrastructural level. We have developed a technique that permits the isolation of a pure population of mast cells suitable for immunocytochemical studies. A rat mast cell-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb AA4) conjugated to tosylactivated Dynabeads 450 was used to immunomagnetically separate mast cells from rat bone marrow and peritoneal cell suspensions. Approximately 85% of the mast cells were recovered in the positive population that comprised virtually pure mast cells. After microwave fixation, morphological examination showed that the cells were intact and retained their ultrastructural detail. Mast cells in all stages of maturation were immunolabeled with a panel of antibodies after immunomagnetic separation. The combination of immunomagnetic separation followed by immunostaining should prove useful for the study of mast cell maturation and for the characterization of other specific cell types that are present in tissues in only limited numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jamur
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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