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Fodor Á, Fenech K, Lőrincz A. BlinkLinMulT: Transformer-Based Eye Blink Detection. J Imaging 2023; 9:196. [PMID: 37888303 PMCID: PMC10607707 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents BlinkLinMulT, a transformer-based framework for eye blink detection. While most existing approaches rely on frame-wise eye state classification, recent advancements in transformer-based sequence models have not been explored in the blink detection literature. Our approach effectively combines low- and high-level feature sequences with linear complexity cross-modal attention mechanisms and addresses challenges such as lighting changes and a wide range of head poses. Our work is the first to leverage the transformer architecture for blink presence detection and eye state recognition while successfully implementing an efficient fusion of input features. In our experiments, we utilized several publicly available benchmark datasets (CEW, ZJU, MRL Eye, RT-BENE, EyeBlink8, Researcher's Night, and TalkingFace) to extensively show the state-of-the-art performance and generalization capability of our trained model. We hope the proposed method can serve as a new baseline for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Fenech
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.F.); (A.L.)
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Kopácsi L, Baffy B, Baranyi G, Skaf J, Sörös G, Szeier S, Lőrincz A, Sonntag D. Cross-Viewpoint Semantic Mapping: Integrating Human and Robot Perspectives for Improved 3D Semantic Reconstruction. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115126. [PMID: 37299853 DOI: 10.3390/s23115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allocentric semantic 3D maps are highly useful for a variety of human-machine interaction related tasks since egocentric viewpoints can be derived by the machine for the human partner. Class labels and map interpretations, however, may differ or could be missing for the participants due to the different perspectives. Particularly, when considering the viewpoint of a small robot, which significantly differs from the viewpoint of a human. In order to overcome this issue, and to establish common ground, we extend an existing real-time 3D semantic reconstruction pipeline with semantic matching across human and robot viewpoints. We use deep recognition networks, which usually perform well from higher (i.e., human) viewpoints but are inferior from lower viewpoints, such as that of a small robot. We propose several approaches for acquiring semantic labels for images taken from unusual perspectives. We start with a partial 3D semantic reconstruction from the human perspective that we transfer and adapt to the small robot's perspective using superpixel segmentation and the geometry of the surroundings. The quality of the reconstruction is evaluated in the Habitat simulator and a real environment using a robot car with an RGBD camera. We show that the proposed approach provides high-quality semantic segmentation from the robot's perspective, with accuracy comparable to the original one. In addition, we exploit the gained information and improve the recognition performance of the deep network for the lower viewpoints and show that the small robot alone is capable of generating high-quality semantic maps for the human partner. The computations are close to real-time, so the approach enables interactive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kopácsi
- Department of Interactive Machine Learning, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benjámin Baffy
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Baranyi
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joul Skaf
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Szilvia Szeier
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Lőrincz
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Sonntag
- Department of Interactive Machine Learning, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Szijártó Á, Somfai E, Lőrincz A. Design of a Machine Learning System to Predict the Thickness of a Melanoma Lesion in a Non-Invasive Way from Dermoscopic Images. Healthc Inform Res 2023; 29:112-119. [PMID: 37190735 DOI: 10.4258/hir.2023.29.2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, but it can be fully cured through early detection and treatment in 99% of cases. Our aim was to develop a non-invasive machine learning system that can predict the thickness of a melanoma lesion, which is a proxy for tumor progression, through dermoscopic images. This method can serve as a valuable tool in identifying urgent cases for treatment. METHODS A modern convolutional neural network architecture (EfficientNet) was used to construct a model capable of classifying dermoscopic images of melanoma lesions into three distinct categories based on thickness. We incorporated techniques to reduce the impact of an imbalanced training dataset, enhanced the generalization capacity of the model through image augmentation, and utilized five-fold cross-validation to produce more reliable metrics. RESULTS Our method achieved 71% balanced accuracy for three-way classification when trained on a small public dataset of 247 melanoma images. We also presented performance projections for larger training datasets. CONCLUSIONS Our model represents a new state-of-the-art method for classifying melanoma thicknesses. Performance can be further optimized by expanding training datasets and utilizing model ensembles. We have shown that earlier claims of higher performance were mistaken due to data leakage during the evaluation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Szijártó
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ellák Somfai
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Lőrincz
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Fóthi Á, Pintér C, Pollner P, Lőrincz A. Peripheral gene interactions define interpretable clusters of core ASD genes in a network-based investigation of the omnigenic theory. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8:28. [PMID: 35948596 PMCID: PMC9365765 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the recently proposed omnigenic theory, all expressed genes in a relevant tissue are contributing directly or indirectly to the manifestation of complex disorders such as autism. Thus, holistic approaches can be complementary in studying genetics of these complex disorders to focusing on a limited number of candidate genes. Gene interaction networks can be used for holistic studies of the omnigenic nature of autism. We used Louvain clustering on tissue-specific gene interaction networks and their subgraphs exclusively containing autism-related genes to study the effects of peripheral gene interactions. We observed that the autism gene clusters are significantly weaker connected to each other and the peripheral genes in non-neuronal tissues than in brain-related tissues. The biological functions of the brain clusters correlated well with previous findings on autism, such as synaptic signaling, regulation of DNA methylation, or regulation of lymphocyte activation, however, on the other tissues they did not enrich as significantly. Furthermore, ASD subjects with disruptive mutations in specific gene clusters show phenotypical differences compared to other disruptive variants carrying ASD individuals. Our results strengthen the omnigenic theory and can advance our understanding of the genetic background of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ábel Fóthi
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Pintér
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Pollner
- MTA-ELTE Statistical and Biological Physics Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
- Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Lőrincz
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Lőrincz A, Mihály J, Wacha A, Németh C, Besztercei B, Gyulavári P, Varga Z, Peták I, Bóta A. Combination of multifunctional ursolic acid with kinase inhibitors for anti-cancer drug carrier vesicles. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 131:112481. [PMID: 34857267 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A sterically stabilized unilamellar nanocarrier vesicle (SSV) system containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, ursolic acid and PEGylated phospholipid has been developed by exploiting the structural advantages of ursolic acid: by spontaneously attaching to the lipid head groups, it induces curvature at the outer side of the bilayers, allowing the preparation of size-limited vesicles without extrusion. Ursolic acid (UA) also interacts with the PEG chains, supporting steric stabilization even when the amount of PEGylated phospholipid is reduced. Using fluorescence immunohistochemistry, vesicles containing ursolic acid (UA-SSVs) were found to accumulate in the tumor in 3 h on xenografted mouse, suggesting the potential use of these vesicles for passive tumor targeting. Further on, mono- and combination therapy with UA and six different kinase inhibitors (crizotinib, erlotinib, foretinib, gefitinib, refametinib, trametinib) was tested on seven cancer cell-lines. In most combinations synergism was observed, in the case of trametinib even at very low concentration (0.001 μM), which targets the MAPK pathway most often activated in human cancers. The coupled intercalation of UA and trametinib (2:1 molar ratio) into vesicles causes further structural advantageous molecular interactions, promoting the formation of small vesicles. The high drug:lipid molar ratio (~0.5) in the novel type of co-delivery vesicles enables their direct medical application, possibly also overcoming the multidrug resistance effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lőrincz
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Mihály
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - A Wacha
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cs Németh
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Besztercei
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Gyulavári
- Semmelweis University, Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Varga
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Peták
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, 833 S. Wood street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Oncompass Medicine Ltd., Retek street 34, 1024 Budapest, Hungary; Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Nagyvárad square 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Bóta
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric condition traditionally defined by core symptoms in social behavior, speech/communication, repetitive behavior, and restricted interests. Beyond the core symptoms, autism has strong association with other disorders such as intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, schizophrenia among many others. This paper outlines a theory of ASD with capacity to connect heterogeneous "core" symptoms, medical and psychiatric comorbidities as well as other etiological theories of autism in a unifying cognitive framework rooted in neuroscience and genetics. Cognition is embedded into an ever-developing structure modified by experiences, including the outcomes of environment influencing behaviors. The key constraint of cognition is that the brain can handle only 7±2 relevant variables at a time, whereas sensory variables, i.e., the number of sensory neurons is orders of magnitude larger. As a result, (a) the extraction, (b) the encoding, and (c) the capability for the efficient cognitive manipulation of the relevant variables, and (d) the compensatory mechanisms that counteract computational delays of the distributed components are critical. We outline our theoretical model to describe a Cartesian Factor (CF) forming, autoencoder-like cognitive mechanism which breaks combinatorial explosion and is accelerated by internal reinforcing machineries and discuss the neural processes that support CF formation. Impairments in any of these aspects may disrupt learning, cognitive manipulation, decisions on interactions, and execution of decisions. We suggest that social interactions are the most susceptible to combinations of diverse small impairments and can be spoiled in many ways that pile up. Comorbidity is experienced, if any of the many potential impairments is relatively strong. We consider component spoiling impairments as the basic colors of autism, whereas the combinations of individual impairments make the palette of autism. We put forth arguments on the possibility of dissociating the different main elements of the impairments that can appear together. For example, impairments of generalization (domain general learning) and impairments of dealing with many variable problems, such as social situations may appear independently and may mutually enhance their impacts. We also consider mechanisms that may lead to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ábel Fóthi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Latha Soorya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - András Lőrincz
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Rill RA, Faragó KB, Lőrincz A. Correction: Strategic predictors of performance in a divided attention task. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197309. [PMID: 29746566 PMCID: PMC5944982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Lőrincz A, Csákvári M, Fóthi Á, Milacski Z, Sárkány A, Tősér Z. Towards reasoning based representations: Deep Consistence Seeking Machine. COGN SYST RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lőrincz A, Sárkány A. Semi-Supervised Learning of Cartesian Factors: A Top-Down Model of the Entorhinal Hippocampal Complex. Front Psychol 2017; 8:215. [PMID: 28270783 PMCID: PMC5318397 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of place cells (PCs), grid cells (GCs), border cells (BCs), and head direction cells (HCs) as well as the dependencies between them have been enigmatic. We make an effort to explain their nature by introducing the concept of Cartesian Factors. These factors have specific properties: (i) they assume and complement each other, like direction and position and (ii) they have localized discrete representations with predictive attractors enabling implicit metric-like computations. In our model, HCs make the distributed and local representation of direction. Predictive attractor dynamics on that network forms the Cartesian Factor "direction." We embed these HCs and idiothetic visual information into a semi-supervised sparse autoencoding comparator structure that compresses its inputs and learns PCs, the distributed local and direction independent (allothetic) representation of the Cartesian Factor of global space. We use a supervised, information compressing predictive algorithm and form direction sensitive (oriented) GCs from the learned PCs by means of an attractor-like algorithm. Since the algorithm can continue the grid structure beyond the region of the PCs, i.e., beyond its learning domain, thus the GCs and the PCs together form our metric-like Cartesian Factors of space. We also stipulate that the same algorithm can produce BCs. Our algorithm applies (a) a bag representation that models the "what system" and (b) magnitude ordered place cell activities that model either the integrate-and-fire mechanism, or theta phase precession, or both. We relate the components of the algorithm to the entorhinal-hippocampal complex and to its working. The algorithm requires both spatial and lifetime sparsification that may gain support from the two-stage memory formation of this complex.
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Micsik T, Lőrincz A, Gál J, Schwab R, Peták I. MDR-1 and MRP-1 activity in peripheral blood leukocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:216. [PMID: 26715450 PMCID: PMC4696293 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic disease leading to decreased quality of life with a rather variable response rate to Disease Modifying Anti Rheumatic Drugs. Methotrexate (MTX) is the gold standard therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Multidrug resistance Related Protein and Multi Drug Resistance protein 1, also called P-glycoprotein-170 transporters can alter the intracellular concentration of different drugs. Methotrexate is an MRP1 substrate and thus the functional activity of MRP1 might have a clinical impact on the efficiency of the Methotrexate-therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Methods We have compared the functional Multidrug Activity Factors (MAF) of the MDR1 and MRP1 transporters of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of 59 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients with various response rate to MTX-therapy (MTX-responder, MTX-resistant and MTX-intolerant RA-groups) and 47 non-RA controls in six different leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophil leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells). There was a decreased MAF of RA patients compared to non- Rheumatoid Arthritis patients and healthy controls in the leukocyte subpopulations. There was a significant difference between the MAF values of the MTX-responder and MTX intolerant groups. But we have not found significant differences between the MAF values of the MTX-responder and MTX-resistant Rheumatoid Arthritis -groups. Results Our results suggest that MDR1 and MRP1 functional activity does not seem to affect the response rate to MTX-therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis-patients, but it might be useful in predicting MTX-side effects. We have demonstrated the decreased functional MDR-activity on almost 60 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients, which can be interpreted as a sign of the immune-suppressive effect of the MTX-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Micsik
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Lőrincz
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories CRC, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Institute Of Materials And Environmental Chemistry,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2. 1519, P.O. Box 286, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - János Gál
- Department of Rheumatology, Bács-Kiskun County Hospital, Kecskemét, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Richard Schwab
- KPS Medical Biotechnology and Healthcare Services Ltd, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Peták
- KPS Medical Biotechnology and Healthcare Services Ltd, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Medical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Pathobiochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Lőrincz A, Mihály J, Németh C, Wacha A, Bóta A. Effects of ursolic acid on the structural and morphological behaviours of dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1848:1092-8. [PMID: 25620772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects of ursolic acid on the structural and morphological characteristics of dipalmitoyl lecithin(DPPC)-water system was studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS), freeze-fracture method combined with transmission electron-microscopy (FF-TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface of the uncorrelated lipid system is rippled or grained and a huge number of small, presumably unilamellar vesicles are present if the UA/DPPC molar ratio is 0.1 mol/mol or higher. Besides the destroyed layer packing of regular multilamellar vesicles, non-bilayer (e.g. cubic or hexagonal) local structures are evidenced by SAXS and FF-TEM methods. The ability of UA to induce non-bilayer structures in hydrated DPPC system originates from the actual geometry form of associated lipid and UA molecules as concluded from the FT-IR measurements and theoretical calculations. Beside numerous beneficial e.g. chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effect of ursolic acid against cancer, their impact to modify the lipid bilayers can be utilized in liposomal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Lőrincz
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, 1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, 1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
| | - Csaba Németh
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, 1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
| | - András Wacha
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, 1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Group of Biological Nanochemistry, 1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary.
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Micsik T, Lőrincz A, Mersich T, Baranyai Z, Besznyák I, Dede K, Zaránd A, Jakab F, Szöllösi LK, Kéri G, Schwab R, Peták I. Decreased functional activity of multidrug resistance protein in primary colorectal cancer. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:26. [PMID: 25885226 PMCID: PMC4415444 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC)-transporter MultiDrug Resistance Protein 1 (MDR1) and Multidrug Resistance Related Protein 1 (MRP1) are expressed on the surface of enterocytes, which has led to the belief that these high capacity transporters are responsible for modulating chemosensitvity of colorectal cancer. Several immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies have provided controversial results in regards to the expression levels of these two ABC-transporters in colorectal cancer. Our study was designed to determine the yet uninvestigated functional activity of MDR1 and MRP1 transporters in normal human enterocytes compared to colorectal cancer cells from surgical biopsies. Methods 100 colorectal cancer and 28 adjacent healthy mucosa samples were obtained by intraoperative surgical sampling. Activity of MDR1 and MRP1 of viable epithelial and cancer cells were determined separately with the modified calcein-assay for multidrug resistance activity and sufficient data of 73 cancer and 11 healthy mucosa was analyzed statistically. Results Significantly decreased mean MDR1 activity was found in primary colorectal cancer samples compared to normal mucosa, while mean MRP1 activity showed no significant change. Functional activity was not affected by gender, age, stage or grade and localization of the tumor. Conclusion We found lower MDR activity in cancer cells versus adjacent, apparently, healthy control tissue, thus, contrary to general belief, MDR activity seems not to play a major role in primary drug resistance, but might rather explain preferential/selective activity of Irinotecan and/or Oxaliplatin. Still, this picture might be more complex since chemotherapy by itself might alter MDR activity, and furthermore, today limited data is available about MDR activity of cancer stem cells in colorectal cancers. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1675739129145824
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Micsik
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary. .,Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Cooperative Research Center, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Lőrincz
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Cooperative Research Center, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary. .,Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biological Nanochemistry, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, 1025, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Mersich
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Uzsoki Teaching Hospital, Uzsoki street 29, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Baranyai
- Tumorgenetika Human Biospecimen Collection and Research, Kerékgyártó u. 36-38, H-1147, Budapest, Hungary. .,1st Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78, 1082, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Besznyák
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Uzsoki Teaching Hospital, Uzsoki street 29, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kristóf Dede
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Uzsoki Teaching Hospital, Uzsoki street 29, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Zaránd
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Uzsoki Teaching Hospital, Uzsoki street 29, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary. .,1st Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78, 1082, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Uzsoki Teaching Hospital, Uzsoki street 29, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - György Kéri
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Cooperative Research Center, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary. .,MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Richard Schwab
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Cooperative Research Center, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary. .,KPS Medical Biotechnology and Healthcare Services Ltd., Retek utca. 34, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Peták
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Cooperative Research Center, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary. .,MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary. .,KPS Medical Biotechnology and Healthcare Services Ltd., Retek utca. 34, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary.
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Jeni LA, Lőrincz A, Szabó Z, Cohn JF, Kanade T. Spatio-temporal Event Classification using Time-series Kernel based Structured Sparsity. Comput Vis ECCV 2014; 2014:135-140. [PMID: 27830214 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10593-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In many behavioral domains, such as facial expression and gesture, sparse structure is prevalent. This sparsity would be well suited for event detection but for one problem. Features typically are confounded by alignment error in space and time. As a consequence, high-dimensional representations such as SIFT and Gabor features have been favored despite their much greater computational cost and potential loss of information. We propose a Kernel Structured Sparsity (KSS) method that can handle both the temporal alignment problem and the structured sparse reconstruction within a common framework, and it can rely on simple features. We characterize spatio-temporal events as time-series of motion patterns and by utilizing time-series kernels we apply standard structured-sparse coding techniques to tackle this important problem. We evaluated the KSS method using both gesture and facial expression datasets that include spontaneous behavior and differ in degree of difficulty and type of ground truth coding. KSS outperformed both sparse and non-sparse methods that utilize complex image features and their temporal extensions. In the case of early facial event classification KSS had 10% higher accuracy as measured by F1 score over kernel SVM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- László A Jeni
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - András Lőrincz
- Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takeo Kanade
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Huhn Z, Szirtes G, Lőrincz A, Csépe V. Perception based method for the investigation of audiovisual integration of speech. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Szita I, Lőrincz A. PIRANHA: Policy iteration for recurrent artificial neural networks with hidden activities. Neurocomputing 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lőrincz A. Effectiveness of ultrasonic cell disruption as a function of the suspension concentration. Acta Alimentaria 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.33.2004.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Amstrup B, Tóth GJ, Rabitz H, Lőrincz A. Identification of born-oppenheimer potential energy surfaces of diatomic molecules from optimized chirped pulses. Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tóth GJ, Lőrincz A, Rabitz H. The effect of control field and measurement imprecision on laboratory feedback control of quantum systems. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
It is shown that local, extended objects of a metrical topological space shape the receptive fields of competitive neurons to local filters. Self-organized topology learning is then solved with the help of Hebbian learning together with extended objects that provide unique information about neighborhood relations. A topographical map is deduced and is used to speed up further adaptation in a changing environment with the help of Kohonen-type learning that teaches the neighbors of winning neurons as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szepesvári
- Department of Photophysics, Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 77, Budapest, Hungary H-1525
| | - László Balázs
- Department of Photophysics, Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 77, Budapest, Hungary H-1525
| | - András Lőrincz
- Department of Photophysics, Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 77, Budapest, Hungary H-1525
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Lőrincz A. Possibility of detecting oscillations in near resonance Raman scattering. Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(87)80166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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