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Hegedus A, Kavanagh Williamson M, Khan MB, Dias Zeidler J, Da Poian AT, El-Bacha T, Struys EA, Huthoff H. Evidence for Altered Glutamine Metabolism in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Primary Human CD4 + T Cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:1236-1247. [PMID: 28844150 PMCID: PMC5709700 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that is an important metabolic resource for proliferating tissues by acting as a proteinogenic amino acid, a nitrogen donor for biosynthetic reactions and as a substrate for the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) productively infects activated CD4+ T cells that are known to require glutamine for proliferation and for carrying out effector functions. As a virus, HIV-1 is furthermore entirely dependent on host metabolism to support its replication. In this study, we compared HIV-1 infected with uninfected activated primary human CD4+ T cells with regard to glutamine metabolism. We report that glutamine concentrations are elevated in HIV-1-infected cells and that glutamine is important to support HIV-1 replication, although the latter is closely linked to the glutamine dependency of cell survival. Metabolic tracer experiments showed that entry of glutamine-derived carbon into the citric acid cycle is unaffected by HIV-1 infection, but that there is an increase in the secretion of glutamine-derived glutamic acid from HIV-1-infected cells. Western blotting of key enzymes that metabolize glutamine revealed marked differences in the expression of glutaminase isoforms, KGA and CAG, as well as the PPAT enzyme that targets glutamine-derived nitrogen toward nucleotide synthesis. Altogether, this demonstrates that infection of CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 leads to considerable changes in the cellular glutamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hegedus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mariam B. Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julianna Dias Zeidler
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea T. Da Poian
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana El-Bacha
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduard A. Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Huthoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hegedus A, Kavanagh Williamson M, Huthoff H. HIV-1 pathogenicity and virion production are dependent on the metabolic phenotype of activated CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 2014; 11:98. [PMID: 25421745 PMCID: PMC4252996 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1, like all viruses, is entirely dependent on the host cell for providing the metabolic resources for completion of the viral replication cycle and the production of virions. It is well established that HIV-1 replicates efficiently in activated CD4+ T cells, whereas resting CD4+ T cells are refractory to infection with HIV-1. A hallmark of T cell activation is the upregulation of glycolysis to meet the biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs of cell proliferation and the execution of effector functions by the secretion of cytokines. To date, it has remained unknown if HIV-1 requires the high glycolytic activity of activated T cells to support its replication. RESULTS We report that in primary CD4+ T cells, the flux through the glycolytic pathway is increased upon infection with HIV-1. This increase in glycolytic activity does not occur in T cell lines when infected with HIV-1. By providing cells with galactose instead of glucose, the former being a poor substrate for glycolysis, we monitored the effect of preventing glycolysis in CD4+ T cells on virus replication cycle and cell fate. We observed that HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells cultured in galactose have a survival advantage over those cultured in glucose and this coincides with reduced caspase 3 activation and apoptosis in cultures with galactose. T cell lines do not recapitulate this difference in cell death. Finally, we demonstrate that virion production is dependent on glycolysis as cultures containing galactose yield reduced amounts of HIV-1 virions compared with cultures containing glucose. CONCLUSIONS The replication of HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells causes an increase in glycolytic flux of the cell. Glycolysis is particularly required for virion production and additionally increases the sensitivity of the infected cell to virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hegedus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Maia Kavanagh Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Hendrik Huthoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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Hegedus A, Nyamweya S, Zhang Y, Govind S, Aspinall R, Mashanova A, Jansen VAA, Whittle H, Jaye A, Flanagan KL, Macallan DC. Protection versus pathology in aviremic and high viral load HIV-2 infection-the pivotal role of immune activation and T-cell kinetics. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:752-61. [PMID: 24803534 PMCID: PMC4130319 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–2-infected individuals remain aviremic and behave as long-term non-progressors but some progress to AIDS. We hypothesized that immune activation and T-cell turnover would be critical determinants of non-progressor/progressor status. Methods. We studied 37 subjects in The Gambia, West Africa: 10 HIV-negative controls, 10 HIV-2-infected subjects with low viral loads (HIV-2-LV), 7 HIV-2-infected subjects with high viral loads (HIV-2-HV), and 10 with HIV-1 infection. We measured in vivo T-cell turnover using deuterium-glucose labeling, and correlated results with T-cell phenotype (by flow cytometry) and T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) abundance. Results. Immune activation (HLA-DR/CD38 coexpression) differed between groups with a significant trend: controls <HIV-2-LV <HIV-1 <HIV-2-HV (P < .01 for all cell types). A similar trend was observed in the pattern of in vivo turnover of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and TREC depletion in naive CD4+ T-cells, although naive T-cell turnover was relatively unaffected by either infection. T-cell turnover, immune activation, and progressor status were closely associated. Conclusions. HIV-2 non-progressors have low rates of T-cell turnover (both CD4+ and CD8+) and minimal immune activation; high viral load HIV-2 progressors had high values, similar to or exceeding those in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hegedus
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Govind
- Translational Medicine Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University
| | - Richard Aspinall
- Translational Medicine Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University
| | - Alla Mashanova
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent A A Jansen
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Assan Jaye
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, West Africa
| | | | - Derek C Macallan
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
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Nyamweya S, Hegedus A, Jaye A, Rowland-Jones S, Flanagan KL, Macallan DC. Comparing HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection: Lessons for viral immunopathogenesis. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:221-40. [PMID: 23444290 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and HIV-2 share many similarities including their basic gene arrangement, modes of transmission, intracellular replication pathways and clinical consequences: both result in AIDS. However, HIV-2 is characterised by lower transmissibility and reduced likelihood of progression to AIDS. The underlying mechanistic differences between these two infections illuminate broader issues of retroviral pathogenesis, which remain incompletely understood. Comparisons between these two infections from epidemiological, clinical, virologic and immunologic viewpoints provide a basis for hypothesis generation and testing in this 'natural experiment' in viral pathogenesis. In terms of epidemiology, HIV-2 remains largely confined to West Africa, whereas HIV-1 extends worldwide. Clinically, HIV-2 infected individuals seem to dichotomise, most remaining long-term non-progressors, whereas most HIV-1 infected individuals progress. When clinical progression occurs, both diseases demonstrate very similar pathological processes, although progression in HIV-2 occurs at higher CD4 counts. Plasma viral loads are consistently lower in HIV-2, as are average levels of immune activation. Significant differences exist between the two infections in all components of the immune system. For example, cellular responses to HIV-2 tend to be more polyfunctional and produce more IL-2; humoral responses appear broader with lower magnitude intratype neutralisation responses; innate responses appear more robust, possibly through differential effects of tripartite motif protein isoform 5 alpha. Overall, the immune response to HIV-2 appears more protective against disease progression suggesting that pivotal immune factors limit viral pathology. If such immune responses could be replicated or induced in HIV-1 infected patients, they might extend survival and reduce requirements for antiretroviral therapy.
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Abstract
Genes encoding for proteins with nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat motifs (NBS-LRR) have been suggested to play a general role in plant defence mechanism. In Prunus species, many TIR (Toll / Interleukin-1 Receptor), and only very few non-TIR sequences were identified, which was explained either by the unequal distribution of TIR/non-TIR sequences in the Prunus genome or by the incapability of primers in the amplification of non-TIR RGAs. The objective of this work was to check whether a new semi-nested PCR strategy can be developed for the targeted isolation of non-TIR-NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Analog (RGA) sequences from apricot. Three primers (CUB-P-loop F, CUB-Kin2 F and CUB-HD R) were designed, from which CUB-Kin2 F and CUB-HD R were constructed to anneal selectively to the non-TIR sequences. A colony Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) indicated that out of the 96 clones tested 28 showed amplification using the newly developed primers, while no amplification occurred when using the formerly described primers. Half of the 28 positive clones were sequenced and they turned out to represent 11 different non-TIR RGA sequences. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on an alignment containing 293 Rosaceae and 21 non-Rosaceaa sequences. A significantly higher ratio (91%) of non-TIR sequences were arranged in multi-genera clades than that of (57%) the TIR groups confirming that non-TIR sequences might be of more ancient origin than TIR sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gutermuth
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
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Defoiche J, Zhang Y, Lagneaux L, Pettengell R, Hegedus A, Willems L, Macallan DC. Measurement of ribosomal RNA turnover in vivo by use of deuterium-labeled glucose. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1824-33. [PMID: 19696118 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.119446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most methods for estimation of rates of RNA production are not applicable in human in vivo clinical studies. We describe here an approach for measuring ribosomal RNA turnover in vivo using [6,6-(2)H(2)]-glucose as a precursor for de novo RNA synthesis. Because this method involves neither radioactivity nor toxic metabolites, it is suitable for human studies. METHODS For method development in vitro, a lymphocyte cell line (PM1) was cultured in the presence of [6,6-(2)H(2)]-glucose. RNA was extracted, hydrolyzed enzymatically to ribonucleosides, and derivatized to either the aldonitrile tetra-acetate or the pentafluoro triacetate derivative of the pentose before GC-MS. We identified optimum derivatization and analysis conditions and demonstrated quantitative incorporation of deuterium from glucose into RNA of dividing cells. RESULTS Pilot clinical studies demonstrated the applicability of this approach to blood leukocytes and solid tissues. A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia received [6,6-(2)H(2)]-glucose (1 g/kg) orally in aliquots administered every 30 min for a period of 10 h. When we analyzed CD3(-) B cells that had been purified by gradient centrifugation and magnetic-bead adhesion, we observed deuterium enrichment, a finding consistent with a ribosomal RNA production rate of about 7%/day, despite the slow division rates observed in concurrent DNA-labeling analysis. Similarly, in 2 patients with malignant infiltration of lymph nodes, administration of [6,6-(2)H(2)]-glucose (by intravenous infusion for 24 h) before excision biopsy allowed estimation of DNA and RNA turnover in lymph node samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study results demonstrate the proof-of-principle that deuterium-labeled glucose may be used to analyze RNA turnover, in addition to DNA production/cell proliferation, in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Defoiche
- Centre for Infection, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Abstract
Adolescent alcoholics in treatment were classified into two broad clusters. The larger group consisted of youth who demonstrated behavioral dyscontrol and hypophoria, whereas the smaller group consisted of individuals with primarily negative affect. These two clusters differed with respect to age of first drug use, age of first substance abuse diagnosis, severity of substance use, behavior disturbance, and psychiatric disorder. Difficult temperament loaded on the negative affect factor. In a second study, it was observed that difficult childhood temperament led to a number of different first diagnoses in the adolescents. No specific psychiatric outcome followed a difficult temperament. These results illustrate the heterogeneity of the adolescent alcoholic population and suggest that there are many developmental pathways to this outcome where a predisposing risk factor is a difficult temperament makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tarter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pennsylvania 15213
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Bernthal P, Hays A, Tarter RE, Van Thiel D, Lecky J, Hegedus A. Cerebral CT scan abnormalities in cholestatic and hepatocellular disease and their relationship to neuropsychologic test performance. Hepatology 1987; 7:107-14. [PMID: 3804189 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840070122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Forty-nine nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients, on whom cranial CT scans were available, were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests. Although none of the subjects exhibited clinical signs or symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy, quantification of the CT scan image implicated cerebral edema and cortical atrophy. In addition numerous significant correlations were observed between the CT variables and neuropsychological test performance. The findings are conjectured to reflect previously unrecognized cerebral morphologic changes associated with chronic subclinical portal-systemic encephalopathy.
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Goldstein G, Tarter RE, Shelly C, Hegedus A. The Pittsburgh Initial Neuropsychological Testing System (PINTS): A neuropsychological screening battery for psychiatric patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01322150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vega A, Goldstein G, Shelly C, Hegedus A. Dichotic listening in psychiatric patients with and without diffuse brain damage. Percept Mot Skills 1980; 51:511-8. [PMID: 7443371 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1980.51.2.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A dichotic listening test was administered to a group of 49 psychiatric patients with mild diffuse brain damage and a group of 89 without. Despite the lack of difference between the groups on Verbal IQ, the performance of the brain-damaged group was significantly inferior to that of the non-brain-damaged group on a number of measures of error. The most striking difference between groups occurred on the report of digits presented to the left ear, where this report was made subsequent to the report of digits to the right ear. The finding was discussed with regard to its relevance to theories of hemisphetic asymmetry of language functioning.
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