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Du Y, Krenske EH, Antoline JE, Lohse AG, Houk KN, Hsung RP. Control of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in (4 + 3) cycloadditions of chiral oxyallyls with unsymmetrically disubstituted furans. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1753-9. [PMID: 22849303 DOI: 10.1021/jo3011792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The regioselectivities and stereoselectivities of ZnCl2-catalyzed (4 + 3) cycloadditions between chiral oxazolidinone-substituted oxyallyls and unsymmetrical disubstituted furans have been determined. The substitution pattern on the furan is found to provide a valuable tool for controlling the stereochemistry (endo-I or endo-II) of the 7-membered cycloadduct. While cycloadditions with monosubstituted furans usually favor endo-I products, from addition of the furan to the more crowded face of the oxyallyl, cycloadditions with 2,3- and 2,5-disubstituted furans instead favor the endo-II stereochemistry. Density functional theory calculations are performed to account for the selectivities. For monosubstituted furans, the crowded transition state leading to the endo-I cycloadduct is stabilized by an edge-to-face interaction between the furan and the oxazolidinone 4-Ph group, but this stabilization is overcome by steric clashing if the furan bears a 2-CO2R group or is 2,3-disubstituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
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2
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Antoline JE, Krenske EH, Lohse AG, Houk KN, Hsung RP. Stereoselectivities and regioselectivities of (4 + 3) cycloadditions between allenamide-derived chiral oxazolidinone-stabilized oxyallyls and furans: experiment and theory. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14443-51. [PMID: 21851070 DOI: 10.1021/ja205700p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the regioselectivities and stereoselectivities of (4 + 3) cycloadditions between unsymmetrical furans and a chiral oxazolidinone-substituted oxyallyl is presented. Cycloadditions were performed using an oxyallyl containing a (R)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone auxiliary (2(Ph)), under either thermal or ZnCl(2)-catalyzed conditions. Reactions of 2(Ph) with 2-substituted furans gave syn cycloadducts selectively, while cycloadditions with 3-substituted furans gave selectively anti cycloadducts. The stereoselectivities were in favor of a single diastereoisomer (I) in all but one case (2-CO(2)R). Density functional theory calculations were performed to explain the selectivities. The results support a mechanism in which all cycloadducts are formed from the E isomer of the oxyallyl (in which the oxazolidinone C═O and oxyallyl oxygen are anti to each other) or the corresponding (E)-ZnCl(2) complex. The major diastereomer is derived from addition of the furan to the more crowded face of the oxyallyl. Crowded transition states are favored because they possess a stabilizing CH-π interaction between the furan and the Ph group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Antoline
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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3
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DeKorver KA, Johnson WL, Zhang Y, Hsung RP, Dai H, Deng J, Lohse AG, Zhang YS. N-allyl-N-sulfonyl ynamides as synthetic precursors to amidines and vinylogous amidines. An unexpected N-to-C 1,3-sulfonyl shift in nitrile synthesis. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5092-103. [PMID: 21563776 PMCID: PMC3120114 DOI: 10.1021/jo200780x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of amidine synthesis from N-allyl-N-sulfonyl ynamides is described here. Mechanistically, this is a fascinating reaction consisting of diverging pathways that could lead to deallylation or allyl transfer depending upon the oxidation state of palladium catalysts, the nucleophilicity of amines, and the nature of the ligands. It essentially constitutes a Pd(0)-catalyzed aza-Claisen rearrangement of N-allyl ynamides, which can also be accomplished thermally. An observation of N-to-C 1,3-sulfonyl shift was made when examining these aza-Claisen rearrangements thermally. This represents a useful approach to nitrile synthesis. While attempts to render this 1,3-sulfonyl shift stereoselective failed, we uncovered another set of tandem sigmatropic rearrangements, leading to vinyl imidate formation. Collectively, this work showcases the rich array of chemistry one can discover using these ynamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. DeKorver
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Whitney L. Johnson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Richard P. Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Huifang Dai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jun Deng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Andrew G. Lohse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Yan-Shi Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
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4
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Lohse AG, Hsung RP, Leider MD, Ghosh SK. Developing a diastereoselective intramolecular [4+3] cycloaddition of nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations derived from N-sulfonyl-substituted allenamides. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3246-57. [PMID: 21449577 DOI: 10.1021/jo200147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efforts toward achieving a practical and diastereoselective intramolecular [4+3] cycloaddition of nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations with tethered dienes are described. Epoxidation of N-sulfonyl substituted allenamides with dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) generates nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations that readily undergo stereoselective [4+3] cycloaddition with dienes. Selectivity is found to depend on the tethering length as well as the stability of the oxyallyl cation intermediate, whether generated from N-carbamoyl- or N-sulfonyl-substituted allenamides. The use of chiral N-sulfonyl-substituted allenamides provided minimal diastereoselectivity in the cycloaddition, while high diastereoselectivity can be achieved with a stereocenter present on the tether. These studies provide further support for the synthetic utility of allenamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Lohse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Hayashi R, Feltenberger JB, Lohse AG, Walton MC, Hsung RP. An efficient and practical entry to 2-amido-dienes and 3-amido-trienes from allenamides through stereoselective 1,3-hydrogen shifts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:410-20. [PMID: 21512601 PMCID: PMC3079123 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparations of de novo acyclic 2-amido-dienes and 3-amido-trienes through 1,3-hydrogen shifts from allenamides are described. These 1,3-hydrogen shifts could be achieved thermally or they could be promoted by the use of Brønsted acids. Under either condition, these processes are highly regioselective in favour of the α-position, and highly stereoselective in favour of the E-configuration. In addition, 6π-electron electrocyclic ring-closure could be carried out with 3-amido-trienes to afford cyclic 2-amido-dienes, and such electrocyclic ring-closure could be rendered in tandem with the 1,3-hydrogen shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
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6
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Abstract
The use of heteroatom-substituted oxyallyl cations in (4+3) cycloadditions has had a tremendous impact on the development of cycloaddition chemistry. Extensive efforts have been exerted toward investigating the effect of oxygen, sulfur, and halogen substituents on the reactivity of oxyallyl cations. Most recently, the use of nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations has gained prominence in the area of (4+3) cycloadditions. The following article will provide an overview of this concept utilizing nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Lohse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A DeKorver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Lohse AG, Krenske EH, Antoline JE, Houk KN, Hsung RP. Regioselectivities of (4 + 3) cycloadditions between furans and oxazolidinone-substituted oxyallyls. Org Lett 2010; 12:5506-9. [PMID: 21049917 DOI: 10.1021/ol1023745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The (4 + 3) cycloadditions of oxazolidinone-substituted oxyallyls and unsymmetrically substituted furans lead to syn regioselectivity when the furan has a 2-Me or 2-COOR substituent, while anti regioselectivity is obtained with a 3-Me or 3-COOR group. DFT calculations are performed to explain the selectivities. The reactivities and regioselectivities are consistent with the ambiphilic reactivity of amino-oxyallyls with furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Lohse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Dekorver KA, Hsung RP, Lohse AG, Zhang Y. A divergent mechanistic course of Pd(0)-catalyzed aza-Claisen rearrangement and aza-Rautenstrauch-type cyclization of N-allyl ynamides. Org Lett 2010; 12:1840-3. [PMID: 20337418 DOI: 10.1021/ol100446p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fascinating mechanistic study of ynamido-palladium-pi-allyl complexes is described that features isolation of a unique silyl ketenimine via aza-Claisen rearrangement, which can be accompanied by an unusual thermal N-to-C 1,3-Ts shift in the formation of tertiary nitriles and a novel cyclopentenimine formation via a palladium-catalyzed aza-Rautenstrauch-type cyclization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Dekorver
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Krenske EH, Houk KN, Lohse AG, Antoline JE, Hsung RP. Stereoselectivity in Oxyallyl-Furan 4+3 Cycloadditions: Control of Intermediate Conformations and Dispersive Stabilisation with Evans' Oxazolidinones. Chem Sci 2010; 1:387-392. [PMID: 21572919 DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral oxazolidinones were previously thought to control cycloaddition stereoselectivity by steric crowding of one face of the substrate. We have discovered that in 4+3 cycloaddition reactions of oxallyls, the stereoinduction is caused instead by stabilising CH-π interactions that lead to reaction at the more crowded face of the oxazolidinone. Density functional theory calculations on the 4+3 cycloadditions of oxazolidinone-substituted oxyallyls with furans establish unexpected transition state conformations and a new explanation of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Krenske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Lohse AG, Hsung RP. Thermal intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of allenamides: a stereoselective tandem propargyl amide isomerization-cycloaddition. Org Lett 2009; 11:3430-3. [PMID: 19591454 DOI: 10.1021/ol901283m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective intramolecular normal demand [4 + 2] cycloaddition of allenamides under thermal conditions without metal assistance is described. This work led to the development of a stereoselective tandem propargyl amide-isomerization-[4 + 2] cycloaddition sequence amenable for rapid assembly of complex nitrogen heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Lohse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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12
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Lu T, Hayashi R, Hsung RP, DeKrover KA, Lohse AG, Song Z, Tang Y. Synthesis of amido-spiro[2.2]pentanes via Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation of allenamides. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3331-7. [PMID: 19641792 PMCID: PMC2829688 DOI: 10.1039/b908205k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed account of Simmons-Smith cyclopropanations of allenamides en route to amido-spiro[2.2]pentanes is described here. While the diastereoselectivity was low when using unsubstituted allenamides, the reaction is overall efficient and general, representing the most direct synthesis of both chemically and biologically interesting amido-spiro[2.2]pentane systems. With alpha-substituted allenamides, while the diastereoselectivity could be improved significantly based on a series of conformational analyses, both mono- and bis-cyclopropanation products were observed. Consequently, several structurally intriguing amido-methylene cyclopropanes could also be prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222
| | - Ryuji Hayashi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222
| | - Richard P. Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222
| | - Kyle A. DeKrover
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222
| | - Andrew G. Lohse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222
| | - Yu Tang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222
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Hayashi R, Hsung RP, Feltenberger JB, Lohse AG. Regio- and stereoselective isomerizations of allenamides: synthesis of 2-amido-dienes and their tandem isomerization-electrocyclic ring-closure. Org Lett 2009; 11:2125-8. [PMID: 19371081 DOI: 10.1021/ol900647s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A regio- and stereoselective isomerization of allenamides is described, leading to preparations of de novo 2-amido-dienes and a tandem isomerization-6pi-electron electrocyclic ring-closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Hayashi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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14
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Blankespoor RL, Boldenow PJ, Hansen EC, Kallemeyn JM, Lohse AG, Rubush DM, Vrieze D. Photochemical Synthesis of 3-Alkynals from 1-Alkynoxy-9,10-anthraquinones. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3933-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900298y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L. Blankespoor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546-4403
| | - Peter J. Boldenow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546-4403
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546-4403
| | - Jeffrey M. Kallemeyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546-4403
| | - Andrew G. Lohse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546-4403
| | - David M. Rubush
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546-4403
| | - Derek Vrieze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546-4403
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Abstract
(+)-Zincophorin, also referred to as M144255 or griseocholin, is a polyoxygenated ionophoric antibiotic that was isolated from Streptomyces griseus in 1984. It possesses strong in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Clostridium coelchii. Its methyl ester was reported in a patent as having strong inhibitory properties against influenza WSN/virus with reduced toxicity for the host cell. Its ability to strongly bind with Zn2+, which is also present in its X-ray structure, is the basis for its name. Over the last two decades, (+)-zincophorin has attracted an impressive array of synthetic efforts including Danishefsky's first total synthesis, along with two recent elegant total syntheses reported by Cossy and Miyashita as well as our own formal total synthesis. This review provides a comparison of the different synthetic efforts on this novel mono-carboxylic acid antibiotic and documents its interesting isolation, structure determination, and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Andrew G. Lohse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Richard P. Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 USA
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Zhang Y, DeKorver KA, Lohse AG, Zhang YS, Huang J, Hsung RP. Synthesis of amidines using N-allyl ynamides. A palladium-catalyzed allyl transfer through an ynamido-pi-allyl complex. Org Lett 2009; 11:899-902. [PMID: 19199763 DOI: 10.1021/ol802844z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A de novo transformation of N-allyl-N-sulfonyl ynamides to amidines is described featuring a palladium-catalyzed N-to-C allyl transfer via ynamido-palladium-pi-allyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Song Z, Hsung RP, Lu T, Lohse AG. Studies on a urea-directed Stork-Crabtree hydrogenation. Synthesis of the C1-C9 subunit of (+)-zincophorin. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9722-31. [PMID: 17979293 DOI: 10.1021/jo7017922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A detailed account on the stereoselective synthesis of the C1-C9 subunit of (+)-zincophorin is described here. This approach features the first application of a stereoselective inverse electron demand hetero-[4 + 2] cycloaddition of chiral allenamides in natural product synthesis. The C1-C9 subunit matches Cossy's intermediate, thereby constituting a formal total synthesis. In addition, details of an unusual urea-directed Stork-Crabtree hydrogenation observed during these efforts are also disclosed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Song
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Davidson PJ, Li SY, Lohse AG, Vandergaast R, Verde E, Pearson A, Patterson RJ, Wang JL, Arnoys EJ. Transport of galectin-3 between the nucleus and cytoplasm. I. Conditions and signals for nuclear import. Glycobiology 2006; 16:602-11. [PMID: 16473835 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a factor involved in the splicing of pre-mRNA, shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We have engineered a vector that expresses the fusion protein containing the following: (a) green fluorescent protein as a reporter of localization, (b) bacterial maltose-binding protein to increase the size of the reporter polypeptide, and (c) galectin-3, whose sequence we wished to dissect in search of amino acid residues vital for nuclear localization. In mouse 3T3 fibroblasts transfected with this expression construct, the full-length galectin-3 (residues 1-263) fusion protein was localized predominantly in the nucleus. Mutants of this construct, containing truncations of the galectin-3 polypeptide from the amino terminus, retained nuclear localization through residue 128; thus, the amino-terminal half was dispensable for nuclear import. Mutants of the same construct, containing truncations from the carboxyl terminus, showed loss of nuclear localization. This effect was observed beginning with truncation at residue 259, and the full effect was seen with truncation at residue 253. Site-directed mutagenesis of the sequence ITLT (residues 253-256) suggested that nuclear import was dependent on the IXLT type of nuclear localization sequence, first discovered in the Drosophila protein Dsh (dishevelled). In the galectin-3 polypeptide, the activity of this nuclear localization sequence is modulated by a neighboring leucine-rich nuclear export signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Davidson
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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