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Schäfer E, Seibold PS, Bartram S, Trottmann F, Haensch VG, Gressler M, Chadeayne AR, Hertweck C, O'Connor SE, Hoffmeister D. A "Magic Mushroom" Multi-Product Sesquiterpene Synthase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300511. [PMID: 37614035 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Psilocybe "magic mushrooms" are chemically well understood for their psychotropic tryptamines. However, the diversity of their other specialized metabolites, in particular terpenoids, has largely remained an open question. Yet, knowledge on the natural product background is critical to understand if other compounds modulate the psychotropic pharmacological effects. CubA, the single clade II sesquiterpene synthase of P. cubensis, was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and characterized in vitro, complemented by in vivo product formation assays in Aspergillus niger as a heterologous host. Extensive GC-MS analyses proved a function as multi-product synthase and, depending on the reaction conditions, cubebol, β-copaene, δ-cadinene, and germacrene D were detected as the major products of CubA. In addition, mature P. cubensis carpophores were analysed chromatographically which led to the detection of β-copaene and δ-cadinene. Enzymes closely related to CubA are encoded in the genomes of various Psilocybe species. Therefore, our results provide insight into the metabolic capacity of the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Schäfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Paula S Seibold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Natural Product Biosynthesis, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit G Haensch
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christian Hertweck
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Natural Product Biosynthesis, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Pham DNK, Sackett NB, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(4-acetoxy- N-ethyl- N- n-propyl-tryptammonium) fumarate-fumaric acid (1/1). IUCrdata 2023; 8:x230779. [PMID: 37818476 PMCID: PMC10561228 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314623007794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solid-state structure of the title salt/adduct (systemic name: bis-{[2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](eth-yl)propyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate-(E)-butenedioic acid (1/1)), 2C17H25N2O2 +·C4H2O4 2-·C4H4O4, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit consists of a singly protonated tryptammonium cation, one half of a fumarate dianion and one half of a fumaric acid mol-ecule. In the crystal, the ions and mol-ecules are linked together in infinite chains propagating along [001] through a series of N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Nathan B. Sackett
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Center for Novel Therapeutics in Addiction Psychiatry, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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3
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Naeem M, Le AN, Bauer BE, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. N-Cyclo-hexyl-tryptamine: freebase, bromide and fumarate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2023; 79:752-756. [PMID: 37601400 PMCID: PMC10439405 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023006217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of N-cyclo-hexyl-tryptamine (I) {systematic name: N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]cyclo-hexa-namine}, C16H22N2, and two of its salts, N-cyclo-hexyl-tryptammonium bromide (II) {systematic name: N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]cyclo-hexa-naminium bromide}, C16H23N2 +·Br-, and N-cyclo-hexyl-tryptammonium fumarate (III) (systematic name: bis-{N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]cyclo-hexa-naminium} (2E)-but-2-enedioate), 2C16H23N2 +·C4H2O4 2-, were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The freebase compound forms infinite chains along [010] through N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The bromide salt is held together by N-H⋯Br inter-actions in two-dimensional sheets along (001). The fumarate salt is held together in infinite three-dimensional frameworks by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Naeem
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Alexander N. Le
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Barbara E. Bauer
- CaaMTech, Inc., 58 East Sunset Way, Suite 209, Issaquah, WA 98027, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Naeem M, Anas NA, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. N-Methyl-serotonin hydrogen oxalate. IUCrdata 2023; 8:x230378. [PMID: 37287863 PMCID: PMC10242732 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314623003784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The solid-state structure of N-methyl-serotonin {systematic name: [2-(5-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)aza-nium hydrogen oxalate}, C11H15N2O+·C2HO4 -, is reported. The structure possesses a singly protonated N-methylserotonin cation and one hydrogen oxalate anion in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Naeem
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Anas
- CaaMTech, Inc., 58 East Sunset Way, Suite 209, Issaquah, WA 98027, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Glatfelter GC, Naeem M, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Chadeayne AR, Manke DR, Baumann MH. Receptor Binding Profiles for Tryptamine Psychedelics and Effects of 4-Propionoxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:567-577. [PMID: 37082754 PMCID: PMC10111620 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Analogues of 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) are being sold on recreational drug markets and developed as potential medications for psychedelic-assisted therapies. Many of these tryptamine-based psilocybin analogues produce psychedelic-like effects in rodents and humans primarily by agonist activity at serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2A). However, the comprehensive pharmacological target profiles for these compounds compared to psilocybin and its active metabolite 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin) are unknown. The present study determined the receptor binding profiles of various tryptamine-based psychedelics structurally related to psilocybin across a broad range of potential targets. Specifically, we examined tryptamine psychedelics with different 4-position (hydroxy, acetoxy, propionoxy) and N,N-dialkyl (dimethyl, methyl-ethyl, diethyl, methyl-propyl, ethyl-propyl, diisopropyl, methyl-allyl, diallyl) substitutions. Further, the psilocybin analogue 4-propionoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-PrO-DMT) was administered to mice in experiments measuring head twitch response (HTR), locomotor activity, and body temperature. Overall, the present pharmacological profile screening data show that the tryptamine psychedelics target multiple serotonin receptors, including serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1A). 4-Acetoxy and 4-propionoxy analogues of 4-hydroxy compounds displayed somewhat weaker binding affinities but similar target profiles across 5-HT receptors and other identified targets. Additionally, differential binding screen profiles were observed with N,N-dialkyl position variations across several non-5-HT receptor targets (i.e., alpha receptors, dopamine receptors, histamine receptors, and serotonin transporters), which could impact in vivo pharmacological effects of the compounds. In mouse experiments, 4-PrO-DMT displayed dose-related psilocybin-like effects to produce 5-HT2A-mediated HTR (0.3-3 mg/kg s.c.) as well as 5-HT1A-mediated hypothermia and hypolocomotion (3-30 mg/kg s.c.). Lastly, our data support a growing body of evidence that the 5-HT2A-mediated HTR induced by tryptamine psychedelics is attenuated by 5-HT1A receptor agonist activity at high doses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Glatfelter
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
| | - Marilyn Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - James A. Golen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | | | - David R. Manke
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
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6
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Laban U, Naeem M, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Synthesis and structure of 4-hydroxy- N-isopropyltryptamine (4-HO-NiPT) and its precursors. Acta Cryst E 2023; 79:280-286. [PMID: 37057027 PMCID: PMC10088304 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023002098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The title compound, 4-hydroxy-N-isopropyltryptamine (4) or 4-HO-NiPT (systematic name: 3-{2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}-1H-indol-4-ol), C13H18N2O, was synthesized in three steps from 4-benzyloxyindole (1) (systematic name: 4-phenoxy-1H-indole), C15H13NO. (1) was treated with oxalyl chloride and isopropylamine to produce N-isopropyl-4-benzyloxy-3-indoleglyoxylamide (2) {systematic name: 2-[4-(benzyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-2-oxo-N-(propan-2-yl)acetamide}, C20H20N2O3. (2) was reduced to generate 4-benzyloxy-N-isopropyltryptamine (3) or 4-HO-NiPT, which was characterized as its chloride salt 4-benzyloxy-N-isopropyltryptammonium chloride (3a) (systematic name: {2-[4-(benzyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethyl}(propan-2-yl)azanium chloride), C20H25N2O·Cl. Finally the benzyl group of (3) was removed via hydrogenation to generate 4-HO-NiPT. The crystal structures of the title compound and all three synthetic precursors are presented.
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7
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Glatfelter GC, Pottie E, Partilla JS, Sherwood AM, Kaylo K, Pham DNK, Naeem M, Sammeta VR, DeBoer S, Golen JA, Hulley EB, Stove CP, Chadeayne AR, Manke DR, Baumann MH. Structure-Activity Relationships for Psilocybin, Baeocystin, Aeruginascin, and Related Analogues to Produce Pharmacological Effects in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1181-1196. [PMID: 36407948 PMCID: PMC9667540 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) is a naturally occurring tertiary amine found in many mushroom species. Psilocybin is a prodrug for 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin), which induces psychedelic effects via agonist activity at the serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT2A). Several other 4-position ring-substituted tryptamines are present in psilocybin-containing mushrooms, including the secondary amine 4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine (baeocystin) and the quaternary ammonium 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine (aeruginascin), but these compounds are not well studied. Here, we investigated the structure-activity relationships for psilocybin, baeocystin, and aeruginascin, as compared to their 4-acetoxy and 4-hydroxy analogues, using in vitro and in vivo methods. Broad receptor screening using radioligand binding assays in transfected cells revealed that secondary and tertiary tryptamines with either 4-acetoxy or 4-hydroxy substitutions display nanomolar affinity for most human 5-HT receptor subtypes tested, including the 5-HT2A and the serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A). The same compounds displayed affinity for 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A in mouse brain tissue in vitro and exhibited agonist efficacy in assays examining 5-HT2A-mediated calcium mobilization and β-arrestin 2 recruitment. In mouse experiments, only the tertiary amines psilocin, psilocybin, and 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilacetin) induced head twitch responses (ED50 0.11-0.29 mg/kg) indicative of psychedelic-like activity. Head twitches were blocked by 5-HT2A antagonist pretreatment, supporting 5-HT2A involvement. Both secondary and tertiary amines decreased body temperature and locomotor activity at higher doses, the effects of which were blocked by 5-HT1A antagonist pretreatment. Across all assays, the pharmacological effects of 4-acetoxy and 4-hydroxy compounds were similar, and these compounds were more potent than their 4-phosphoryloxy counterparts. Importantly, psilacetin appears to be a prodrug for psilocin that displays substantial serotonin receptor activities of its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Glatfelter
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Eline Pottie
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John S. Partilla
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | | | - Kristi Kaylo
- Usona
Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Marilyn Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Vamshikrishna Reddy Sammeta
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Stacie DeBoer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - James A. Golen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Elliott B. Hulley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - David R. Manke
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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8
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Naeem M, Bauer BE, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. The methanol and ethanol solvates of 4-glutarato- N, N-diisopropyltryptamine. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:1034-1038. [PMID: 36250122 PMCID: PMC9535823 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022009094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of two solvated forms of 4-glutarato-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, namely, 5-[(3-{2-[bis(propan-2-yl)azaniumyl]ethyl}-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]-5-oxopentanoate methanol monosolvate, C21H30N2O4·CH3OH, and the analogous ethanol monosolvate, C21H30N2O4·C2H6O. In both compounds, the 4-glutarato-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine exists as a zwitterion with a protonated tertiary ammonium and a deprotonated glutarato carboxylate. The tryptamine zwitterions and alcohol solvates in both structures combine to produce near identical hydrogen-bonding networks, with N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds joining the molecules together in two-dimensional networks parallel to the (100) plane.
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Glatfelter GC, Pham DNK, Walther D, Golen JA, Chadeayne AR, Baumann MH, Manke DR. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Pharmacological Activity of Novel Quaternary Salts of 4-Substituted Tryptamines. ACS Omega 2022; 7:24888-24894. [PMID: 35874244 PMCID: PMC9301952 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aeruginascin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium) is an analogue of psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) that has been identified in several species of psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Our team previously reported the synthesis, structural characterization, and biological activity of the putative metabolite of aeruginascin (4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium; 4-HO-TMT) and its potential prodrug (4-acetoxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium; 4-AcO-TMT). Here, we report the synthesis, structural characterization, and pharmacological activity of several quaternary tryptammonium analogues of 4-HO-TMT and 4-AcO-TMT, namely, 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-n-propyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMPT), and 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-isopropyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMiPT), as well as their hypothesized prodrugs 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMET), 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-n-propyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMPT), and 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-isopropyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMiPT). Compounds were synthesized using established methods, and structures were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Test compounds were screened for in vitro pharmacological activity at a variety of receptors and transporters to determine potential targets of action. None of the compounds exhibited measurable affinity for the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A), but several analogues had low micromolar affinity (K i) for the serotonin 1D receptor (5-HT1D) and serotonin 2B receptor (5-HT2B), where they appeared to be weak partial agonists with low micromolar potencies. Importantly, 4-HO-DMET, 4-HO-DMPT, and 4-HO-DMiPT displayed sub-micromolar affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT; 370-890 nM). The same 4-hydroxy analogues had low to sub-micromolar potencies (IC50) for inhibition of 5-HT uptake at SERT in transfected cells (3.3-12.3 μM) and rat brain tissue (0.31-3.5 μM). Overall, our results show that quaternary tryptammonium analogues do not target 5-HT2A sites, suggesting the compounds lack psychedelic-like subjective effects. However, certain 4-hydroxy quaternary tryptammonium analogues may provide novel templates for exploring structure-activity relationships for selective actions at SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Glatfelter
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Donna Walther
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
| | - James A. Golen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | | | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
| | - David R. Manke
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
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Dörner S, Rogge K, Fricke J, Schäfer T, Wurlitzer JM, Gressler M, Pham DNK, Manke DR, Chadeayne AR, Hoffmeister D. Genetic survey of Psilocybe natural products. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200249. [PMID: 35583969 PMCID: PMC9400892 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Psilocybe magic mushrooms are best known for their main natural product, psilocybin, and its dephosphorylated congener, the psychedelic metabolite psilocin. Beyond tryptamines, the secondary metabolome of these fungi is poorly understood. The genomes of five species ( P. azurescens , P. cubensis , P. cyanescens , P. mexicana , and P. serbica ) were browsed to understand more profoundly common and species-specific metabolic capacities. The genomic analyses revealed a much greater and yet unexplored metabolic diversity than evident from parallel chemical analyses. P. cyanescens and P. mexicana were identified as aeruginascin producers. Lumichrome and verpacamide A were also detected as Psilocybe metabolites. The observations concerning the potential secondary metabolome of this fungal genus support pharmacological and toxicological efforts to find a rational basis for yet elusive phenomena, such as paralytic effects, attributed to consumption of some magic mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dörner
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Kai Rogge
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Janis Fricke
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Pharmaceutical Microbiologie, GERMANY
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Jacob M Wurlitzer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Markus Gressler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Duyen N K Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - David R Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut, Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Kn�ll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, GERMANY
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11
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Naeem M, Sherwood AM, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. The crystal structure of baeocystin. Acta Crystallogr E Cryst Commun 2022; 78:550-553. [PMID: 36072137 PMCID: PMC9431787 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022004467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the ‘magic’ mushroom natural product baeocystin is reported for the first time. The title compound, baeocystin or 4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine {systematic name: 3-[2-(methylazaniumyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl hydrogen phosphate}, C11H15N2O4P, has a single zwitterionic molecule in the asymmetric unit. The molecule has an intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond between the ammonium cation and the hydrophosphate anion. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
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12
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Naeem M, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(oxotremorine) fumarate bis(fumaric acid). IUCrData 2022; 7:x220364. [PMID: 36337690 PMCID: PMC9462024 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314622003649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title molecular salt, 2C12H19N2O+·C4H2O42−·2C4H4O4, the components are held together by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001]. The title compound, bis(oxotremorine) fumarate bis(fumaric acid) {systematic name: 1-[4-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)but-2-ynyl]pyrrolidinium (2E)-but-2-enedioate bis[(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid]}, 2C12H19N2O+·C4H2O42−·2C4H4O4, has a single oxotremorine monocation protonated at the pyrrolidine nitrogen, one fumaric acid molecule and half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The ions and fumaric acid molecules are held together by N—H⋯O and O–H-⋯O hydrogen bonds in 40-membered rings with graph-set notation R66(40). The fumarate ions join these rings into infinite chains along [001].![]()
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13
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Naeem M, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Crystal structure of serotonin. Acta Crystallogr E Cryst Commun 2022; 78:365-368. [PMID: 35492269 PMCID: PMC8983975 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the free base of the ubiquitous neurotransmitter serotonin is reported for the first time. The title compound, serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) [systematic name: 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol], C10H12N2O, has one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The conformation of the ethylamino side chain is gauche–gauche [Ca—Ca—Cm—Cm and Ca—Cm—Cm—N (a = aromatic, m = methylene) torsion angles = −64.2 (3) and −61.9 (2)°, respectively]. In the crystal, the molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
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14
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Pham DNK, Belanger ZS, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. The crystalline forms of nine hydrochloride salts of substituted tryptamines. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2021; 77:615-620. [PMID: 34607984 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229621008950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of the hydrochloride salts of nine substituted tryptamines, namely, 1-methyltryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2+·Cl-, (1), 2-methyl-1-phenyltryptammonium chloride, C17H19N2+·Cl-, (2), 5-methoxytryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2O+·Cl-, (3), 5-bromotryptammonium chloride, C10H12BrN2+·Cl-, (4), 5-chlorotryptammonium chloride, C10H12ClN2+·Cl-, (5), 5-fluorotryptammonium chloride, C10H12FN2+·Cl-, (6), 5-methyltryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2+·Cl-, (7), 6-fluorotryptammonium chloride, C10H12FN2+·Cl-, (8), and 7-methyltryptammonium chloride, C11H15N2+·Cl-, (9), are reported. The seven tryptamines with N-H indoles, (3)-(9), show very similar structures, with N-H...Cl hydrogen-bonding networks forming two-dimensional sheets in the crystals. These sheets are combinations of R42(8) and R42(18) rings, and C21(4) and C21(9) chains. Substitution at the indole N atom reduces the dimensionality of the hydrogen-bonding network, with compounds (1) and (2) demonstrating one-dimensional chains that are a combination of different rings and parallel chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N K Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Zachary S Belanger
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - James A Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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15
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Pham DNK, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. 5-Meth-oxy- N, N-di- n-propyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DPT): freebase and fumarate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:522-526. [PMID: 34026257 PMCID: PMC8100262 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021003753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the synthetic psychedelic 5-meth-oxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DPT) {systematic name: N-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]-N-propyl-propan-1-amine}, C17H25N2O, and its fumarate salt, bis-(5-meth-oxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-tryptammonium) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{N-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]-N-propyl-propan-1-aminium} but-2-ene-dio-ate), 2C17H25N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, are reported. The freebase has a single tryptamine mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The mol-ecules are linked together by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds in zigzag chains along the [010] direction. The fumarate salt has a single tryptammonium cation and half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The tryptammonium and fumarate ions are held together in one-dimensional chains by a series of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are combinations of R 4 4(22) rings, and C 2 2(14) and C 4 4(28) parallel chains along [001].
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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16
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Pham DNK, Sammeta VR, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. 'Foxtrot' fumarate: a water-soluble salt of N, N-di-allyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DALT). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:416-419. [PMID: 33936768 PMCID: PMC8025863 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021002838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, bis-(N,N-diallyl-5-meth-oxy-tryptammonium) (5-MeO-DALT) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{N-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]- N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-aminium} (E)-but-2-enedioate), 2C17H23N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, has a single tryptammonium cation and half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The tryptammonium and fumarate ions are held together in one-dimensional chains by a series of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are combinations of R 4 4(22) rings, and C 2 2(14) and C 4 4(28) parallel chains along [111].
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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17
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Abstract
The structure of the natural product bufotenidine is reported as its iodide salt. The title compound, 5-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium (5-HTQ) iodide {systematic name: [2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]trimethylazanium iodide}, C13H19N2O+·I−, has a single tryptammonium cation and one iodide anion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are held together by N—H⋯I and O—H⋯I hydrogen bonds in infinite chains along [100].![]()
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18
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Pham DNK, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. 2,5-Di-methyl-bufo-tenine and 2,5-di-methyl-bufo-teni-dine: novel derivatives of natural tryptamines found in Bufo alvarius toads. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:190-194. [PMID: 33614152 PMCID: PMC7869544 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structure of the bufotenine derivative bis-(5-meth-oxy-2,N,N-tri-methyl-tryptammonium) (5-MeO-2-Me-DMT) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{[2-(5-meth-oxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]di-methyl-aza-nium} (2E)-but-2-enedioate), 2C14H21N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, the bufotenidine derivative 5-meth-oxy-2,N,N,N-tetra-methyl-tryptammonium (5-MeO-2-Me-TMT) iodide {systematic name: [2-(5-meth-oxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]tri-methyl-aza-nium iodide}, C15H23N2O+·I-, and the hydrate of the same {systematic name: [2-(5-meth-oxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]tri-methyl-aza-nium iodide monohydrate}, C15H23N2O+·I-·H2O, are reported. The structure of 5-MeO-2-Me-DMT fumarate possesses one tryptammonium cation and a half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit, linked together by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds in infinite two-dimensional networks parallel to the (101) plane. The structure of 5-MeO-2-Me-TMT iodide possesses one tryptammonium cation and one iodide anion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are linked via N-H⋯I hydrogen bonds, and indoles are coupled in dimers through π-π inter-actions. The hydrate of 5-MeO-2-Me-TMT iodide possesses one tryptammonium cation, one iodide anion and one water mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. It shows N-H⋯I and O-H⋯I hydrogen bonds that couple the tryptammonium cations into dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Pham DNK, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Psilacetin derivatives: fumarate salts of the meth-yl-ethyl, meth-yl-allyl and diallyl variants of the psilocin prodrug. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:101-106. [PMID: 33614134 PMCID: PMC7869532 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the salts of three psilacetin derivatives, namely, 4-acet-oxy-N-eth-yl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-MET) hydro-fumarate {sys-tematic name: [2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)ethyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C15H21N2O2 +·C4H3O4 -, 4-acet-oxy-N-allyl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-MALT) hydro-fumarate {systematic name: [2-(4-acet-yl-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)prop-2-enyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-eno-ate}, C16H21N2O2 +·C4H3O4 -, and 4-acet-oxy-N,N-di-allyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-DALT) fumarate-fumaric acid (1/1) (systematic name: bis-{[2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]diprop-2-enyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate-(E)-butenedioic acid (1/1)), 2C18H23N2O2 +·C4H2O4 2-·C4H4O4, are reported. All three salts possess a protonated tryptammonium cation. The 4-AcO-MET and 4-AcO-MALT compounds are charge-balanced by 3-carb-oxy-acrylate (hydro-fumarate) anions. The 4-AcO-DALT complex crystallizes as a two-to-one tryptammonium-to-fumarate salt, which co-crystallizes with a fumaric acid mol-ecule. Each structure is consolidated by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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20
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Sammeta VR, Rasapalli S, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. The hydrochloride salt of 4-hydroxy- N, N-di- n-propyltryptamine (4-HO-DPT). IUCr Data 2020; 5:x201546. [PMID: 36340017 PMCID: PMC9462155 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314620015461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first single-crystal structure of the hydrochloride salt of a psilocin analogue, specifically 4-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine (4-HO-DPT) is reported. The title compound, 4-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium (4-HO-DPT) chloride {systematic name: N-[2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-propylpropan-1-aminium chloride}, C16H25N2O+·Cl−, has a singly protonated tryptammonium cation and one chloride anion in the asymmetric unit. A series of N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds connect the ions together in ladder chains along [010].![]()
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. DMT analogues: N-ethyl- N-propyl-tryptamine and N-allyl- N-methytryptamine as their hydro-fumarate salts. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1201-1205. [PMID: 32843999 PMCID: PMC7405555 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020008683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the hydro-fumarate salts of two N,N-di-alkyl-tryptamines, namely N-ethyl-N-propyl-tryptammonium (EPT) hydro-fumarate {systematic name: [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C15H23N2 +·C4H3O4 -, and N-allyl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (MALT) hydro-fumarate {systematic name: [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)(prop-2-en-1-yl)aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C14H19N2 +·C4H3O4 -, are reported. Both compounds possess a protonated tryptammonium cation, and a hydro-fumarate anion in the asymmetric unit. The ethyl group of the EPT cation is modeled as a two-component disorder with 50% occupancy for each component. In the extended structure, N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate infinite two-dimensional networks parallel to the (001) plane for both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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22
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. Quaternary tryptammonium salts: N, N-dimethyl- N- n-propyl-tryptammonium (DMPT) iodide and N-allyl- N, N-di-methyl-tryptammonium (DMALT) iodide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1357-1360. [PMID: 32844029 PMCID: PMC7405565 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of two quaternary trytpammonium salts, namely, N,N-dimethyl-N-n-propyl-tryptammonium (DMPT) iodide [systematic name: 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-propyl-aza-nium iodide], C15H23N2 +·I-, and N-allyl-N,N-di-methyl-tryptammonium (DMALT) iodide, [systematic name: 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)aza-nium iodide], C15H21N2 +·I-, are reported. Both salts possess a tri-alkyl-tryptammonium cation and an iodide anion in the asymmetric unit, which are joined together through N-H⋯I inter-actions. The DMALT structure was refined as an inversion twin, and the allyl group is disordered over two orientations with a 0.70 (4):0.30 (4) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Reid BG, Golen JA, Manke DR. Active Metabolite of Aeruginascin (4-Hydroxy- N, N, N-trimethyltryptamine): Synthesis, Structure, and Serotonergic Binding Affinity. ACS Omega 2020; 5:16940-16943. [PMID: 32685863 PMCID: PMC7365549 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The putative active metabolite of aeruginascin, a naturally occurring tryptamine of "magic mushrooms," has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Competitive radioligand binding assays demonstrate that it has a high affinity at human serotonin receptors 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2B, though it does not bind at the 5-HT3 receptor, where activity was previously predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Chadeayne
- CaaMTech,
Inc., 58 East Sunset
Way, Suite 209, Issaquah, Washington 98027, United States
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Brian G. Reid
- Canopy
Growth USA, 35715 US
Hwy 40, Suite D-102, Evergreen, Colorado 80439, United
States
| | - James A. Golen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - David R. Manke
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. 5-MeO-DALT: the freebase of N, N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine. IUCr Data 2020; 5:x200498. [PMID: 36338299 PMCID: PMC9462216 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314620004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid-state structure of the synthetic psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is reported in its freebase form. The title compound {systematic name: N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-amine), C17H22N2O, has a single tryptamine molecule in the asymmetric unit. The molecules are linked by strong N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains with graph-set notation C(7) along the [010] direction.![]()
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25
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Abstract
The solid-state structures of the naturally occurring psychoactive tryptamine norpsilocin {4-hy-droxy-N-methyl-tryptamine (4-HO-NMT); systematic name: 3-[2-(methyl-amino)-eth-yl]-1H-indol-4-ol}, C11H14N2O, and its fumarate salt (4-hy-droxy-N-methyl-tryptammonium fumarate; systematic name: bis-{[2-(4-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]methyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate), C11H15N2O+·0.5C4H2O4 2-, are reported. The freebase of 4-HO-NMT has a single mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit joined together by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds in a two-dimensional network parallel to the (100) plane. The ethyl-amine arm of the tryptamine is modeled as a two-component disorder with a 0.895 (3) to 0.105 (3) occupancy ratio. The fumarate salt of 4-HO-NMT crystallizes with a tryptammonium cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are joined together by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional framework, as well as π-π stacking between the six-membered rings of inversion-related indoles (symmetry operation: 2 - x, 1 - y, 2 - z).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(4-hy-droxy- N-isopropyl- N-methyl-trypt-ammo-nium) fumarate: a new crystalline form of miprocin. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:514-517. [PMID: 32280495 PMCID: PMC7133045 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, bis-(4-hy-droxy-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-tryptammonium) (4-HO-MiPT) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{[2-(4-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propan-2-yl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate), 2C14H21N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, has a singly protonated tryptammonium cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The tryptammonium and fumarate ions are held together in one-dimensional chains by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are a combination of R 4 2(20) rings, and C 2 2(15) and C 4 4(30) parallel chains along (110). They are further consolidated by N-H⋯π inter-actions. There are two two-component types of disorder impacting the tryptammonium fragment with a 0.753 (7):0.247 (7) occupancy ratio and one of the fumarate oxygen atoms with a 0.73 (8):0.27 (8) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(4-hydroxy- N, N-di- n-propyltryptammonium) fumarate tetrahydrate. IUCr Data 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s241431461901469x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound (systematic name: bis{[2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]bis(propan-2-yl)azanium} but-2-enedioate tetrahydrate), 2C16H25N2O+·C4H2O4
2−·4H2O, has a singly protonated DPT cation, one half of a fumarate dianion (completed by a crystallographic centre of symmetry) and two water molecules of crystallization in the asymmetric unit. A series of N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds form a three-dimensional network in the solid state.
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. The fumarate salts of the N-isopropyl- N-methyl derivatives of DMT and psilocin. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1316-1320. [PMID: 31523457 PMCID: PMC6727059 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019011253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the salts of two substituted tryptamines, namely N-isopropyl-N-methyl-tryptaminium (MiPT) fumarate {systematic name: [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propan-2-yl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C14H21N2 +·C4H3O4 -, and 4-hy-droxy-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-tryptaminium (4-HO-MiPT) fumarate monohydrate {systematic name: [2-(4-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propan-2-yl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate monohydrate}, C14H21N2O+·C4H3O4 -·H2O, are reported. Both salts possess a proton-ated tryptammonium cation and a 3-carb-oxy-acrylate (hydrogen fumarate) anion in the asymmetric unit; the 4-HO-MiPT structure also contains a water mol-ecule of crystallization. Both cations feature disorder of the side chain over two orientations, in a 0.630 (3):0.370 (3) ratio for MiPT and a 0.775 (5):0.225 (5) ratio for 4-HO-MiPT. In both extended structures, N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate infinite two-dimensional networks.
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Abstract
The title compound {systematic name: [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)propylamine}, C14H20N2, has a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. The molecules in the unit cell are held together in infinite one-dimensional chains along [010] through N—H...N hydrogen bonds between indole H atoms and trialkylamine N atoms.
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Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(4-acet-oxy- N, N-di-methyl-tryptammonium) fumarate: a new crystalline form of psilacetin, an alternative to psilocybin as a psilocin prodrug. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:900-902. [PMID: 31391991 PMCID: PMC6658936 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019007370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The title compound has a single protonated psilacetin cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are held together through N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds in infinite one-dimensional chains along [111]. The title compound (systematic name: bis{2-[4-(acetyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethan-1-aminium} but-2-enedioate), 2C14H19N2O2+·C4H2O42−, has a single protonated psilacetin cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. There are N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the ammonium H atoms and the fumarate O atoms, as well as N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the indole H atoms and the fumarate O atoms. The hydrogen bonds hold the ions together in infinite one-dimensional chains along [111].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Golen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R Manke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Volpe EC, Chadeayne AR, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB. Heterolytic CH-bond activation in the synthesis of Ni{(2-aryl-κC2)pyridine-κN}2 and derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dube A, Chadeayne AR, Sharma M, Wolczanski PT, Engstrom JR. Covalent Attachment of a Transition Metal Coordination Complex to Functionalized Oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) Self-Assembled Monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:14299-309. [PMID: 16218624 DOI: 10.1021/ja054378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the reaction of tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium, Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4), with N-isopropyl-N-[4-(thien-3-ylethynyl) phenyl] amine and N-isopropyl-N-(4-{[4-(thien-3-ylethynyl) phenyl]ethynyl}phenyl) amine self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), on polycrystalline Au substrates. The structure of the SAMs themselves has also been investigated. Both molecules form SAMs on polycrystalline Au bound by the thiophene group. The longer-molecular-backbone molecule forms a denser SAM, with molecules characterized by a smaller tilt angle. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and angle-resolved XPS have been employed to examine the kinetics of adsorption, the spatial extent of reaction, and the stoichiometry of reaction. For both the SAMs, adsorption is described well by first-order Langmuirian kinetics, and adsorption is self-limiting from T(s) = -50 to 30 degrees C. The use of angle-resolved XPS clearly demonstrates that the Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) reacts exclusively with the isopropylamine end group via ligand exchange, and there is no penetration of the SAM, followed by reaction at the SAM-Au interface. Moreover, the SAM molecules remain bound to the Au surface via their thiopene functionalites. From XPS, we have found that, in both cases, approximately one Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) is adsorbed per two SAM molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dube
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Chadeayne AR, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB. The Course of (R2R‘SiO)3TaCl2 (R = tBu, R‘ = H, Me, Ph, tBu (silox); R = iPr, R‘ = tBu, iPr) Reduction Is Dependent on Siloxide Size. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:3421-32. [PMID: 15154804 DOI: 10.1021/ic035407u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various sized siloxides (Cy(3)SiO > (t)Bu(3)SiO > (t)Bu(2)PhSiO > (t)Bu(2)MeSiO approximately (i)Pr(2)(t)BuSiO > (i)Pr(3)SiO > (t)Bu(2)HSiO) were used to make (R(2)R'SiO)(3)TaCl(2) (R = (t)Bu, R' = H (1-H), Me (1-Me), Ph (1-Ph), (t)Bu (1); R = (i)Pr, R' = (t)Bu (1-(i)Pr(2)); R = R' = (i)Pr (1-(i)Pr(3)); R = R' = (c)Hex (Cy)). Product analyses of sodium amalgam reductions of several dichlorides suggest that [(R(2)R'SiO)(3)Ta](2)(mu-Cl)(2) may be a common intermediate. When the siloxide is large (1-(t)Bu), formation of the Ta(III) species ((t)Bu(3)SiO)(3)Ta (6) occurs via disproportionation. When the siloxide is small, the Ta(IV) intermediate is stable (e.g., [((i)Pr(3)SiO)(3)Ta](2)(mu-Cl)(2) (2)), and when intermediate sized siloxides are used, solvent bond activation via unstable Ta(III) tris-siloxides is proposed to occur. Under hydrogen, reductions of 1-Me and 1-Ph provide Ta(IV) and Ta(V) hydrides [((t)Bu(2)MeSiO)(3)Ta](2)(micro-H)(2) (4-Me) and ((t)Bu(2)PhSiO)(3)TaH(2) (7-Ph), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Chadeayne
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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