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Kuiper T, Altwegg R, Beale C, Carroll T, Dublin HT, Hauenstein S, Kshatriya M, Schwarz C, Thouless CR, Royle A, Milner-Gulland EJ. Drivers and facilitators of the illegal killing of elephants across 64 African sites. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222270. [PMID: 36629103 PMCID: PMC9832558 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivory poaching continues to threaten African elephants. We (1) used criminology theory and literature evidence to generate hypotheses about factors that may drive, facilitate or motivate poaching, (2) identified datasets representing these factors, and (3) tested those factors with strong hypotheses and sufficient data quality for empirical associations with poaching. We advance on previous analyses of correlates of elephant poaching by using additional poaching data and leveraging new datasets for previously untested explanatory variables. Using data on 10 286 illegally killed elephants detected at 64 sites in 30 African countries (2002-2020), we found strong evidence to support the hypotheses that the illegal killing of elephants is associated with poor national governance, low law enforcement capacity, low household wealth and health, and global elephant ivory prices. Forest elephant populations suffered higher rates of illegal killing than savannah elephants. We found only weak evidence that armed conflicts may increase the illegal killing of elephants, and no evidence for effects of site accessibility, vegetation density, elephant population density, precipitation or site area. Results suggest that addressing wider systemic challenges of human development, corruption and consumer demand would help reduce poaching, corroborating broader work highlighting these more ultimate drivers of the global illegal wildlife trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kuiper
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa,Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Res Altwegg
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Colin Beale
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Thea Carroll
- UN programme for Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Holly T. Dublin
- Technical Advisory Group to the programme for Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Severin Hauenstein
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK,Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mrigesh Kshatriya
- UN programme for Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Carl Schwarz
- StatMathComp Consulting, Port Moody, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, MD, USA
| | - E. J. Milner-Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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Soofi M, Qashqaei AT, Mousavi M, Hadipour E, Filla M, Kiabi BH, Bleyhl B, Ghoddousi A, Balkenhol N, Royle A, Pavey CR, Khorozyan I, Waltert M. Quantifying the relationship between prey density, livestock and illegal killing of leopards. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Soofi
- Department of Conservation Biology University of Goettingen Bürgerstr. 50, 37073 Goettingen Germany
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
- CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 44, Winnellie Darwin, 0822 Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Ali T. Qashqaei
- Sahel Square, Parsia Complex, Sarv Building PO Box 14938‐89881 Tehran Iran
| | - Marzieh Mousavi
- Wildlife Conservation and Management Bureau, Biodiversity and Natural Environment Division, Iran Department of Environment, Pardisan Nature Park, Shahid Hakim Highway Tehran Iran
| | - Ehsan Hadipour
- Gilan Provincial Office of the Department of Environment, Resalat Boulevard PO. Box 4315857651 Rasht Iran
| | - Marc Filla
- Department of Conservation Biology University of Goettingen Bürgerstr. 50, 37073 Goettingen Germany
| | - Bahram H. Kiabi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Daneshjoo St, PO Box 1983969411 Tehran Iran
| | - Benjamin Bleyhl
- Geography Department, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin Germany
| | - Arash Ghoddousi
- Geography Department, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin Germany
| | - Niko Balkenhol
- Wildlife Sciences University of Goettingen Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Chris R. Pavey
- Department of Conservation Biology University of Goettingen Bürgerstr. 50, 37073 Goettingen Germany
- CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 44, Winnellie Darwin, 0822 Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Igor Khorozyan
- Department of Conservation Biology University of Goettingen Bürgerstr. 50, 37073 Goettingen Germany
| | - Matthias Waltert
- Department of Conservation Biology University of Goettingen Bürgerstr. 50, 37073 Goettingen Germany
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Arredouani A, Ruas M, Collins SC, Parkesh R, Clough F, Pillinger T, Coltart G, Rietdorf K, Royle A, Johnson P, Braun M, Zhang Q, Sones W, Shimomura K, Morgan AJ, Lewis AM, Chuang KT, Tunn R, Gadea J, Teboul L, Heister PM, Tynan PW, Bellomo EA, Rutter GA, Rorsman P, Churchill GC, Parrington J, Galione A. Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) and Endolysosomal Two-pore Channels Modulate Membrane Excitability and Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Mouse Pancreatic β Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21376-92. [PMID: 26152717 PMCID: PMC4571866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.671248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are electrically excitable and respond to elevated glucose concentrations with bursts of Ca2+ action potentials due to the activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs), which leads to the exocytosis of insulin granules. We have examined the possible role of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)-mediated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores during stimulus-secretion coupling in primary mouse pancreatic β cells. NAADP-regulated Ca2+ release channels, likely two-pore channels (TPCs), have recently been shown to be a major mechanism for mobilizing Ca2+ from the endolysosomal system, resulting in localized Ca2+ signals. We show here that NAADP-mediated Ca2+ release from endolysosomal Ca2+ stores activates inward membrane currents and depolarizes the β cell to the threshold for VDCC activation and thereby contributes to glucose-evoked depolarization of the membrane potential during stimulus-response coupling. Selective pharmacological inhibition of NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release or genetic ablation of endolysosomal TPC1 or TPC2 channels attenuates glucose- and sulfonylurea-induced membrane currents, depolarization, cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals, and insulin secretion. Our findings implicate NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release from acidic Ca2+ storage organelles in stimulus-secretion coupling in β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah Arredouani
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom,
| | - Margarida Ruas
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan C Collins
- the Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l'Alimentation, Equipe 5, 9E Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Raman Parkesh
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick Clough
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Pillinger
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - George Coltart
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Rietdorf
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Royle
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Johnson
- the Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Braun
- the The Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Zhang
- the The Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - William Sones
- the The Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- the Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Morgan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Lewis
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Kai-Ting Chuang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Tunn
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquin Gadea
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Paula M Heister
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia W Tynan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa A Bellomo
- the Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l'Alimentation, Equipe 5, 9E Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Guy A Rutter
- the Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- the The Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Grant C Churchill
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - John Parrington
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom,
| | - Antony Galione
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom,
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