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Lica JJ, Wieczór M, Grabe GJ, Heldt M, Jancz M, Misiak M, Gucwa K, Brankiewicz W, Maciejewska N, Stupak A, Bagiński M, Rolka K, Hellmann A, Składanowski A. Effective Drug Concentration and Selectivity Depends on Fraction of Primitive Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094931. [PMID: 34066491 PMCID: PMC8125035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor efficiency of chemotherapeutics in the eradication of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) has been driving the search for more active and specific compounds. In this work, we show how cell density-dependent stage culture profiles can be used in drug development workflows to achieve more robust drug activity (IC50 and EC50) results. Using flow cytometry and light microscopy, we characterized the cytological stage profiles of the HL-60-, A-549-, and HEK-293-derived sublines with a focus on their primitive cell content. We then used a range of cytotoxic substances—C-123, bortezomib, idarubicin, C-1305, doxorubicin, DMSO, and ethanol—to highlight typical density-related issues accompanying drug activity determination. We also showed that drug EC50 and selectivity indices normalized to primitive cell content are more accurate activity measurements. We tested our approach by calculating the corrected selectivity index of a novel chemotherapeutic candidate, C-123. Overall, our study highlights the usefulness of accounting for primitive cell fractions in the assessment of drug efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jakub Lica
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.G.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miłosz Wieczór
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Jan Grabe
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Mateusz Heldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (M.H.); (M.J.); (M.M.); (W.B.); (N.M.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Marta Jancz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (M.H.); (M.J.); (M.M.); (W.B.); (N.M.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Majus Misiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (M.H.); (M.J.); (M.M.); (W.B.); (N.M.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Gucwa
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Wioletta Brankiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (M.H.); (M.J.); (M.M.); (W.B.); (N.M.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Natalia Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (M.H.); (M.J.); (M.M.); (W.B.); (N.M.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Stupak
- Polpharma Biologics S.A., Gdansk Science & Technology Park, Building A, 80-172 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Maciej Bagiński
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (M.H.); (M.J.); (M.M.); (W.B.); (N.M.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Andrzej Hellmann
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Składanowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (M.H.); (M.J.); (M.M.); (W.B.); (N.M.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
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Daśko M, Przybyłowska M, Rachon J, Masłyk M, Kubiński K, Misiak M, Składanowski A, Demkowicz S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorinated N -benzoyl and N -phenylacetoyl derivatives of 3-(4-aminophenyl)-coumarin-7- O -sulfamate as steroid sulfatase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 128:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kozak W, Daśko M, Wołos A, Masłyk M, Kubiński K, Składanowski A, Misiak M, Rachon J, Demkowicz S. Synthesis and steroid sulfatase inhibitory activities of N-alkanoyl tyramine phosphates and thiophosphates. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of phosphate and thiophosphate analogs based on the frameworks of N-alkanoyl tyramines have been synthesized and biologically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kozak
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wołos
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences
- The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
- 20-708 Lublin
- Poland
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences
- The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
- 20-708 Lublin
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Składanowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Majus Misiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Janusz Rachon
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Chemical Faculty
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
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Węsierska-Gądek J, Zulehner N, Ferk F, Składanowski A, Komina O, Maurer M. PARP inhibition potentiates the cytotoxic activity of C-1305, a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase II, in human BRCA1-positive breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1318-31. [PMID: 22906755 PMCID: PMC3494830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two cellular proteins encoded by the breast and ovarian cancer type 1 susceptibility (BRCA1 and BRCA2) tumor suppressor genes are essential for DNA integrity and the maintenance of genomic stability. Approximately 5–10% of breast and ovarian cancers result from inherited alterations or mutations in these genes. Remarkably, BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient cells are hypersensitive to selective inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1), whose primary functions are related to DNA base excision repair; PARP-1 inhibition significantly potentiates the cytotoxicity of various anti-cancer drugs, including inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II. In the present study, we examined the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of C-1305, a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase II, on human breast cancer cell lines with different BRCA1 and p53 statuses. BRCA1-competent breast cancer cell lines exhibited different responses to topoisomerase II inhibition. BT-20 cells that express high levels of BRCA1 levels were most resistant to C-1305 than other tested cells. Surprisingly, pharmacological interference with PARP-1 activity strongly inhibited their proliferation and potentiated the efficacy of C-1305 treatment. In contrast, PARP-1 inhibition only weakly affected the proliferation of BRCA1-deficient SKBr-3 cells and was not synergistic with the effects of C-1305. Further experiments revealed that the inhibition of PARP-1 in BT-20 cells caused the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and induced caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. These results seem to indicate that PARP-1 inhibition can potentiate the cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs in cancer cells with functional BRCA1 and suggest that mutations in other DNA repair proteins may render cancer cells more sensitive to interference with PARP-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józefa Węsierska-Gądek
- Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Dept. of Medicine I, Div.: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Maurer M, Komina O, Składanowski A, Wesierska-Gadek J. Triazoloacridone C-1305 abrogates the restriction checkpoint in cells lacking functional p53 and promotes their accumulation in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. J Exp Ther Oncol 2011; 9:5-15. [PMID: 21275261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Triazoloacridone C-1305, a new topoisomerase II inhibitor, exhibits potent cytostatic activity toward various tumours under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Interestingly, mouse cells lacking poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 are much more sensitive to C-1305 than their normal counterparts. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the functional status of p53 in tumour cells might have an impact on the efficiency of C-1305 in experiments with both p53-deficient human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells and human MCF-7 breast cancer cells harboring a functional p53 pathway. Exposure of both cancer cell lines to C-1305 reduced the number of viable cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Remarkably, however, HL-60 cells were much more strongly affected than MCF-7 cells. Measurements of DNA concentrations in single cells revealed that C-1305 arrested the tested cancer cells at the G/M transition. Analysis of the cell cycle and apoptosis regulators revealed that C-1305 strongly elevated phosphorylation of CDK1 at the inhibitory sites (Thr14/Tyr15) in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, C-1305 increased phosphorylation of pRb protein and CDK2 at Thr160 in HL60 cells, but not in MCF-7 cells. These observations suggest that C-1305 abrogates the restriction checkpoint and promotes G1/S transition in cells lacking functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Maurer
- Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Dept. of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Using agarose gel electrophoresis we confirmed that Ledakrin is capable of incurring covalent crosslinking in pBR322 plasmid DNA and also in poly(dGdC) in the presence of a simple activating system containing DTT. The identification of adducts resulting from DNA crosslinking was carried out by 32P-post-labelling assay. We assumed that such adduct(s) should be brought about more readily with double-stranded than with single-stranded polynucleotides or nucleotides. Since our earlier experiments had shown that guanine is a major site of covalent binding of 1-nitroacridines, we compared DNA adduct formation by Ledakrin for ctDNA, dG-containing synthetic homopolymers and 3'-pdG. 32P-Post-labelling assay revealed two adduct spots that were enhanced in samples containing double-stranded substrates in which interstrand crosslinking between guanines was possible, namely ctDNA and poly(dGdC).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartoszek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk, Poland
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Składanowski A, Zydowo M. Modification of the catalytic and regulatory properties of beef heart AMP-deaminase by DTNB treatment. Int J Biochem 1985; 17:139-42. [PMID: 3996729 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(85)90097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In beef heart AMP-deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6.), 7 SH-groups out of 26 half-cysteine residues in the protein molecule have been shown to be accessible to alkylation by DTNB in the absence of ATP. The addition of ATP showed that only 6 SH-groups were accessible. DTNB-modified enzyme showed about 30% of the native catalytic activity but no sensitivity to the ATP-activating effect. Almost full reactivation of the modified enzyme and the restoration of the activatory effect of ATP could be achieved by exhaustive dialysis against mercaptoethanol.
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Kaletha K, Składanowski A. Effect of temperature on the activity of AMP deaminase from chicken heart and skeletal muscle at different stages of development. Experientia 1981; 37:232-4. [PMID: 7238772 DOI: 10.1007/bf01991627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on purified 1-day-old chicken and adult hen heart muscle AMP deaminase was studied and compared to previous studies on this enzyme from skeletal muscle. The temperature-induced changes in the kinetic parameters of the reaction were shown to be different at these 2 stages of development. This suggests the possibility of developmental changes in the isozymic pattern of AMP deaminase in the heart tissue as has already been shown for skeletal muscle.
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Abstract
The kinetic and regulatory properties of purified rat heart AMP deaminase were investigated. In the presence of 100 mM KCl, the enzyme exhibited a slightly sigmoid-shaped plot of reaction rate, vs. substrate concentration, which shifted to a more hyperbolic form when ATP, ADP or GTP were added. ATP was the most potent activator of the enzyme, whereas GTP at low (less than 0.25 mM) concentrations increased the enzyme activity. The activation effect was negligible at higher concentrations of GTP. The calculated value of K0.5 of approx. 3 mM for unactivated enzyme decrased to approx. 0.6 mM and 1.1 mM when 0.5 mM ATP or 1.5 mM ADP were present in the incubation mixture, respectively. The theoretical model (Monod, J., Wyman, J. and Changeux, J.P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118) gave a partial explanation of these results.
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