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Luong T, Tran DK, Pham AH, Hoang TTH, Pham VK, Pham QT, Tran TMH, Luong MH, Pham TL, Blackburn JK. Spatial analysis of human and livestock anthrax in Lai Chau province, Vietnam (2004-2021). Acta Trop 2024; 249:107044. [PMID: 37866728 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthrax is reported globally with varying disease intensity and seasonality among countries. In Vietnam, anthrax epidemiology and ecology remain understudied. We used historical data of human and livestock anthrax from 2004 to 2021 in Lai Chau province, to identify spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax, describe epidemiological characteristics, and compare livestock anthrax vaccine coverage to human and livestock disease incidence. Local Moran's I (LISA) using spatial Bayes smoothed commune-level cumulative incidence (per 10,000) for the study period, epidemiological descriptive statistics, livestock vaccine coverage data, and annual incidence rates (per 10,000) at provincial level were used. LISA identified a human anthrax hotspot (high-high) in the southeast which did not overlap spatially with livestock anthrax hotspots in southeastern and northeastern communes. Most human cases were male, aged 15-59 years, handled sick animals, and/or consumed contaminated meat. Almost all cases were reported by grassroot health facilities with a delay of 6.3 days between exposure and case notification to the national surveillance system. 80 % of human cases were reported from June-October. The increase in disease incidence occurred shortly after livestock anthrax vaccine coverage decreased. This study informs vaccination strategy and targeted surveillance and control measures in newly identified high-risk areas and seasons of anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Luong
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Kien Tran
- Lai Chau Provincial Center for Disease Control, Lai Chau City, Lai Chau, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Hung Pham
- Lai Chau Provincial Sub-Department of Husbandry and Animal Health, Lai Chau City, Lai Chau, Viet Nam
| | | | - Van Khang Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Quang Thai Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Minh Hoa Luong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Long Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jason K Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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