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Wilbertz T, Wagner P, Petersen K, Stiedl AC, Scheble VJ, Maier S, Reischl M, Mikut R, Altorki NK, Moch H, Fend F, Staebler A, Bass AJ, Meyerson M, Rubin MA, Soltermann A, Lengerke C, Perner S. SOX2 gene amplification and protein overexpression are associated with better outcome in squamous cell lung cancer. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:944-53. [PMID: 21460799 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX2 (3q26.3-q27) is a key regulator of foregut development and an embryonic stem cell factor cooperating during induction of pluripotency in terminally differentiated somatic cells. Recently, we found SOX2 to be amplified in a subset of squamous cell lung and esophageal cancers. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic role of SOX2 in a large series of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung. A total of 891 samples from two independent population-based cohorts were assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we assessed for associations between SOX2 amplification/upregulation and clinicopathological features. Similar results were found in the two cohorts. Within squamous cell carcinoma cases, 8% high-level as well as 68 and 65% low-level SOX2 amplifications occurred in the two cohorts, respectively. In adenocarcinomas, no high-level amplification was found and low-level amplification occurred in 6% of the two cohorts. Within squamous cell carcinomas of one cohort, SOX2 amplification was associated with lower tumor grade, while higher levels of SOX2 expression were related to younger age, smaller tumor size, and lower probability of angiolymphatic invasion and metastasis. High SOX2 expression levels proved to be a marker for prolonged overall survival among patients with squamous cell carcinomas. In conclusion, SOX2 amplification and upregulation are frequent events in squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and are associated with indicators of favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Wilbertz
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Scheble VJ, Braun M, Wilbertz T, Stiedl AC, Petersen K, Schilling D, Reischl M, Seitz G, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Perner S. ERG rearrangement in small cell prostatic and lung cancer. Histopathology 2010; 56:937-43. [PMID: 20636794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Small cell prostatic cancer is a rare but aggressive disease. Currently, its histogenetic origin is unclear and its distinction from metastatic small cell lung cancer is challenging. The aim of our study was to determine whether the ERG rearrangement commonly observed in acinar prostatic cancer can distinguish small cell prostatic cancer from small cell lung cancer samples. METHODS AND RESULTS We assessed 15 small cell prostatic cancers and 22 small cell lung cancers for ERG rearrangement using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Commonly used and novel immunohistochemical markers (i.e. androgen receptor, calcium activated nucleotidase 1, Golgi phosphoprotein 2, prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, CD56, epithelial membrane antigen, thyroid transcription factor 1, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and Ki67) were further studied. ERG rearrangement occurred in 86% of small cell prostatic cancers but in none of the small cell lung cancers and was the best marker to differentiate between both tumours (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The ERG rearrangement is commonly observed in small cell prostatic cancer, supporting the hypothesis that ERG rearrangement occurs in aggressive prostatic cancers. Furthermore, the ERG rearrangement is the most significant marker to differentiate between small cell prostatic cancer and small cell lung cancer. Moreover, our data suggest that small cell prostatic cancer is not a tumour entity on its own, but a dedifferentiated variant of common acinar prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit J Scheble
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Scheble VJ, Braun M, Beroukhim R, Mermel CH, Ruiz C, Wilbertz T, Stiedl AC, Petersen K, Reischl M, Kuefer R, Schilling D, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Meyerson M, Rubin MA, Bubendorf L, Perner S. ERG rearrangement is specific to prostate cancer and does not occur in any other common tumor. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1061-7. [PMID: 20473283 PMCID: PMC3606550 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of specific somatic gene alterations is crucial for the insight into the development, progression, and clinical behavior of individual cancer types. The recently discovered recurrent ERG rearrangement in prostate cancer might represent a prostate cancer-specific alteration that has not been systematically assessed in tumors other than prostate cancer. Aim of this study was to assess, whether the ERG rearrangement and the distinct deletion site between TMPRSS2 and ERG, both predominantly resulting in a TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, occur in tumors other than prostate cancer. We assessed 54 different tumor types (2942 samples in total) for their ERG rearrangement status by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To calibrate, we analyzed 285 prostate cancer samples for the ERG rearrangement frequency. Additionally, we interrogated a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data set across 3131 cancer specimens (26 tumor types) for copy number alterations. None of the 54 different tumor types assessed by FISH harbored an ERG rearrangement, whereas the prostate cancer samples revealed an ERG rearrangement in 49.5% of cases. Furthermore, within the 26 tumor types assessed for copy number alterations by SNP, the distinct deletion site between TMPRSS2 and ERG (21q22.2-3) was detectable exclusively in prostate cancer. Although Ewing's sarcoma and AML have known rearrangements rarely involving ERG, we hypothesize that the ERG rearrangement as well as the distinct deletion site on 21q22.2-3 between TMPRSS2 and ERG are prostate-cancer-specific genomic alterations. These observations provide further insight into the oncogenesis of prostate cancer and might be critical for the development of ERG rearrangement assessment as a clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit J. Scheble
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Braun
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Craig H. Mermel
- Cancer Program, Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Ruiz
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Wilbertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Stiedl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karen Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Reischl
- Institute for Applied Informatics, Research Center Karlsruhe
| | - Rainer Kuefer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Schilling
- Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Surgical Pathology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Cancer Program, Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Ramos AH, Dutt A, Mermel C, Perner S, Cho J, Lafargue CJ, Johnson LA, Stiedl AC, Tanaka KE, Bass AJ, Barretina J, Weir BA, Beroukhim R, Thomas RK, Minna JD, Chirieac LR, Lindeman NI, Giordano T, Beer DG, Wagner P, Wistuba II, Rubin MA, Meyerson M. Amplification of chromosomal segment 4q12 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:2042-50. [PMID: 19755855 PMCID: PMC2833355 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.21.9764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, proto-oncogenes are often altered by genomic amplification. Here we report recurrent focal amplifications of chromosomal segment 4q12 overlapping the proto-oncogenes PDGFRA and KIT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicate that 4q12 is amplified in 3-7% of lung adenocarcinomas and 8-10% of lung squamous cell carcinomas. In addition, we demonstrate that the NSCLC cell line NCI-H1703 exhibits focal amplification of PDGFRA and is dependent on PDGFRalpha activity for cell growth. Treatment of NCI-H1703 cells with PDGFRA-specific shRNAs or with the PDGFRalpha/KIT small molecule inhibitors imatinib or sunitinib leads to cell growth inhibition. However, these observations do not extend to NSCLC cell lines with lower-amplitude and broader gains of chromosome 4q. Together these observations implicate PDGFRA and KIT as potential oncogenes in NSCLC, but further study is needed to define the specific characteristics of those tumors that could respond to PDGFRalpha/KIT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H. Ramos
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Amit Dutt
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Craig Mermel
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeonghee Cho
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Laura A. Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ann-Cathrin Stiedl
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kumiko E. Tanaka
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jordi Barretina
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Barbara A. Weir
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Roman K. Thomas
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch Laboratories of the Max-Planck Society and the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology and Department for Internal Medicine; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research-Simmons Cancer Center; and Department of University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Lucian R. Chirieac
- Department of Pathology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA USA
| | - Neal I. Lindeman
- Department of Pathology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA USA
| | - Thomas Giordano
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - David G. Beer
- Section of Thoracic Surgery; Department of Surgery; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Department of Pathology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York, NY USA
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Epidemiology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pathology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York, NY USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
- Cancer Program; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
- Correspondence to: Matthew Meyerson;
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