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Nichols MR, St-Pierre MK, Wendeln AC, Makoni NJ, Gouwens LK, Garrad EC, Sohrabi M, Neher JJ, Tremblay ME, Combs CK. Inflammatory mechanisms in neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2019; 149:562-581. [PMID: 30702751 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the profound connection between microglia, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Theories have been postulated, tested, and modified over several decades. The findings have further bolstered the belief that microglia-mediated inflammation is both a product and contributor to AD pathology and progression. Distinct microglia phenotypes and their function, microglial recognition and response to protein aggregates in AD, and the overall role of microglia in AD are areas that have received considerable research attention and yielded significant results. The following article provides a historical perspective of microglia, a detailed discussion of multiple microglia phenotypes including dark microglia, and a review of a number of areas where microglia intersect with AD and other pathological neurological processes. The overall breadth of important discoveries achieved in these areas significantly strengthens the hypothesis that neuroinflammation plays a key role in AD. Future determination of the exact mechanisms by which microglia respond to, and attempt to mitigate, protein aggregation in AD may lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann-Christin Wendeln
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nyasha J Makoni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lisa K Gouwens
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Evan C Garrad
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jonas J Neher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Füger P, Hefendehl JK, Veeraraghavalu K, Wendeln AC, Schlosser C, Obermüller U, Wegenast-Braun BM, Neher JJ, Martus P, Kohsaka S, Thunemann M, Feil R, Sisodia SS, Skodras A, Jucker M. Microglia turnover with aging and in an Alzheimer's model via long-term in vivo single-cell imaging. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1371-1376. [PMID: 28846081 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of microglia in brain homeostasis and disease, an understanding of their maintenance, proliferation and turnover is essential. The lifespan of brain microglia, however, remains uncertain, and reflects confounding factors in earlier assessments that were largely indirect. We genetically labeled single resident microglia in living mice and then used multiphoton microscopy to monitor these cells over time. Under homeostatic conditions, we found that neocortical resident microglia were long-lived, with a median lifetime of well over 15 months; thus, approximately half of these cells survive the entire mouse lifespan. While proliferation of resident neocortical microglia under homeostatic conditions was low, microglial proliferation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's β-amyloidosis was increased threefold. The persistence of individual microglia throughout the mouse lifespan provides an explanation for how microglial priming early in life can induce lasting functional changes and how microglial senescence may contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Füger
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin K Hefendehl
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Ann-Christin Wendeln
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Schlosser
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Obermüller
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bettina M Wegenast-Braun
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas J Neher
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shinichi Kohsaka
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Thunemann
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angelos Skodras
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
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