1
|
Stec AA, Robinson A, Wolffe TAM, Bagkeris E. Scottish Firefighters Occupational Cancer and Disease Mortality Rates: 2000-2020. Occup Med (Lond) 2023; 73:42-48. [PMID: 36624617 PMCID: PMC9927825 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased mortality from cancers and other diseases has been reported in USA, Canadian, and Nordic firefighters. However, UK firefighters are understudied. AIMS To determine whether UK firefighters suffer increased mortality from cancers and other diseases when compared with the general population. METHODS Mortality from cancer and other diseases in Scottish male firefighters between 2000 and 2020 was compared with the general Scottish male population and expressed as standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) (with 95% confidence intervals, CI). RESULTS Significant overall excess cancer mortality was found for Scottish firefighters compared with the general population (SMR 1.61, CI 1.42-1.81). Scottish firefighters were nearly three times more likely to die of malignant neoplasms (unspecified sites) (SMR 2.71, CI 1.71-4.00). Excess cancer mortality was also found for several site-specific cancers, including prostate (SMR 3.80, CI 2.56-5.29), myeloid leukaemia (SMR 3.17, CI 1.44-5.58), oesophagus (SMR 2.42, CI 1.69-3.29) and urinary system (kidney and bladder) (SMR 1.94, CI 1.16-2.91). Mortality from neoplasms of unknown behaviour was over six times greater in Scottish firefighters (SMR 6.37, CI 2.29-12.49). Additionally, significantly higher mortality was found for: acute ischaemic heart diseases (SMR 5.27, CI 1.90-10.33), stroke (SMR 2.69, CI 1.46-4.28), interstitial pulmonary diseases (SMR 3.04, CI 1.45-5.22), renal failure (SMR 3.28, CI 1.18-6.44) and musculoskeletal system diseases (SMR 5.64, CI 1.06-13.83). CONCLUSIONS UK firefighters suffer significant excess mortality from cancer and other diseases when compared with the general population. Preventative health monitoring and presumptive legislation are urgently required to protect UK firefighters' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - A Robinson
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
- Centre for Health Research and Innovation, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - T A M Wolffe
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - E Bagkeris
- Centre for Applied Statistics Courses, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wolffe TAM, Turrell L, Robinson A, Dickens K, Clinton A, Maritan-Thomson D, Stec AA. Culture and awareness of occupational health risks amongst UK firefighters. Sci Rep 2023; 13:97. [PMID: 36627294 PMCID: PMC9832120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to toxic chemicals not only from the fire incidents they attend, but also from their contaminated station and/or personal protective equipment (PPE). Little is currently known about firefighters' awareness, attitudes, and behaviours towards contaminants which was assessed in the UK firefighter contamination survey. Results revealed that lack of training on fire effluents and their health outcomes are strongly associated with increased fire smoke/contaminant exposure. Notably, untrained firefighters were at least twice as likely to: never clean personal protective equipment (PPE) (Crude Odds Ratio, OR 2.0, 1.5-2.7), infrequently send their PPE for professional cleaning (OR 2.0, 1.6-2.4), remain in the workwear (t-shirt etc.) worn while attending a fire incident (OR up to 3.6, 2.3-5.6), and indicate that cleaning at fire stations is not taken seriously (OR 2.4, 2.2-2.6). Firefighters personally viewing contamination as a "badge of honour" (BoH) were at least twice as likely to: remain in contaminated PPE after fire incidents (OR 2.3, 1.4-3.9), eat with sooty hands (OR 2.2, 1.9-2.5), notice soot in the nose/throat (OR 3.7, 2.7-5.2), and smell fire smoke on the body for more than a day after incidents (OR 2.0, 1.6-2.4). They were also more likely to indicate that cleaning at fire stations is not taken seriously (OR 2.5, 2.2-2.9) and that fire stations smell of smoke always/most of the time (OR 2.3, 2.0-2.6). Strong links were also found between belief in the BoH and never cleaning PPE (OR 1.9, 1.4-2.7), and eating while wearing contaminated PPE (OR 1.8, 1.5-2.2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. M. Wolffe
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Louis Turrell
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK ,grid.440181.80000 0004 0456 4815Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT UK
| | - Andrew Robinson
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK ,grid.440181.80000 0004 0456 4815Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT UK
| | - Kathryn Dickens
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Anna Clinton
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Daniella Maritan-Thomson
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Anna A. Stec
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wolffe TAM, Clinton A, Robinson A, Turrell L, Stec AA. Contamination of UK firefighters personal protective equipment and workplaces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:65. [PMID: 36627304 PMCID: PMC9832125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Firefighters' personal protective equipment (PPE) is a potential source of chronic exposure to toxic contaminants commonly released from fires. These contaminants have also been found in fire stations. However, little research characterises the routes via which fire contaminants travel back to fire stations. The UK Firefighter Contamination Survey provides information on firefighters' PPE provision, decontamination, and storage practices. All serving UK firefighters were eligible to take part in the survey, which comprised 64 questions. A total of 10,649 responses were included for analysis, accounting for roughly 24% of the UK's firefighting workforce. Results revealed that most firefighters (84%) de-robe contaminated PPE/workwear after re-entering the appliance cab. There was a significant decreasing tendency to send PPE for cleaning after every incident with increasing seniority of role, length of service, and fire attendance frequency. Around one third of firefighters cleaned PPE after every incident. A number of issues were linked to external professional cleaning services, e.g. shrinkage, fit, turn-around time, and stock of reserve/pooled PPE. PPE storage was found to be a potential source of cross contamination, with almost half of firefighters (45%) indicating clean and dirty PPE is not stored separately. More than half of firefighters (57%) stored fire gloves (an item sent for professional decontamination by only 19% of firefighters, and never cleaned by 20%) within other items of PPE such as helmets, boots and tunic/trouser pockets. The survey's results can be used to target gaps in decontamination measures within UK Fire and Rescue Services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. M. Wolffe
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Anna Clinton
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Andrew Robinson
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK ,grid.440181.80000 0004 0456 4815Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT UK
| | - Louis Turrell
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK ,grid.440181.80000 0004 0456 4815Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT UK
| | - Anna A. Stec
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wolffe TAM, Robinson A, Dickens K, Turrell L, Clinton A, Maritan-Thomson D, Joshi M, Stec AA. Cancer incidence amongst UK firefighters. Sci Rep 2023; 12:22072. [PMID: 36627291 PMCID: PMC9831995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Firefighters suffer an increased risk of cancer from exposures to chemicals released from fires. Our earlier research has found that fire toxicants not only remain on firefighters' PPE, but are also tracked back to fire stations. The UK Firefighter Contamination Survey assesses firefighters' risk of developing cancer due to occupational exposure to fire toxins. Over 4% of surveyed firefighters were found to have a cancer diagnosis, with the age-specific cancer rate up to 323% higher (35-39 year olds) than that of the general population. Firefighters who had served ≥ 15 years were 1.7 times more likely to develop cancer than those who had served less time. Firefighters were at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with cancer if they noticed soot in their nose/throat (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, 1.1-3.5), or remained in their PPE for more than four hours after attending a fire incident (OR = 2.3, 1.1-5.2). Also associated with an increased likelihood of cancer was: eating while wearing PPE (OR = 1.8, 1.2-2.7); failing to store clean/dirty PPE separately (OR = 1.3, 1.0-1.7); working in a station that smells of fire (OR = 1.3, 1.0-1.8) or not having designated (separated) clean and dirty areas (OR = 1.4, 1.1-1.7); using an on-site washing machine to launder fire hoods (OR = 1.3, 1.0-1.7); feeling that cleaning is not taken seriously at work (OR = 1.5, 1.2-2.0).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. M. Wolffe
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Andrew Robinson
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK ,grid.416204.50000 0004 0391 9602Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT UK
| | - Kathryn Dickens
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Louis Turrell
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK ,grid.416204.50000 0004 0391 9602Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT UK
| | - Anna Clinton
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Daniella Maritan-Thomson
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Miland Joshi
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Lancashire Clinical Trials Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Anna A. Stec
- grid.7943.90000 0001 2167 3843Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harries ME, Allen DT, Adetona O, Bell ML, Black MS, Burgess JL, Dryer FL, Holder AL, Mascareñas A, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Stec AA, Turpin BJ, Zelikoff JT. A Research Agenda for the Chemistry of Fires at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A National Academies Consensus Report. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:15189-15191. [PMID: 36288208 PMCID: PMC9670845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Harries
- National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, District of
Columbia 20001, United
States
| | - David T. Allen
- University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Olorunfemi Adetona
- Division
of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- Yale
University, School of the Environment, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Marilyn S. Black
- Chemical
Insights Research Institute, Underwriters
Laboratories Inc., Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| | - Jefferey L. Burgess
- Mel and Enid
Zuckerman College of Public Health, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Frederick L. Dryer
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Amara L. Holder
- Office
of Research and Development, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ana Mascareñas
- Independent
Consultant, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, United States
| | - Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Environmental
Engineering Program, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University
of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Judith T. Zelikoff
- Division
of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Demers PA, DeMarini DM, Fent KW, Glass DC, Hansen J, Adetona O, Andersen MH, Freeman LEB, Caban-Martinez AJ, Daniels RD, Driscoll TR, Goodrich JM, Graber JM, Kirkham TL, Kjaerheim K, Kriebel D, Long AS, Main LC, Oliveira M, Peters S, Teras LR, Watkins ER, Burgess JL, Stec AA, White PA, DeBono NL, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, de Conti A, El Ghissassi F, Grosse Y, Stayner LT, Suonio E, Viegas S, Wedekind R, Boucheron P, Hosseini B, Kim J, Zahed H, Mattock H, Madia F, Schubauer-Berigan MK. Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:985-986. [PMID: 35780778 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Demers
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Kenneth W Fent
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Johnni Hansen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Kriebel
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Luana C Main
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marta Oliveira
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Susan Peters
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Lauren R Teras
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Anna A Stec
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Paul A White
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Aline de Conti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Eero Suonio
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Susana Viegas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Bayan Hosseini
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Joanne Kim
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Hana Zahed
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Heidi Mattock
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Federica Madia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jones N, Peck G, McKenna ST, Glockling JLD, Harbottle J, Stec AA, Hull TR. Burning behaviour of rainscreen façades. J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123894. [PMID: 33264958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four reduced-height (5 m) BS 8414-1 façade flammability tests were conducted, three having mineral-filled aluminium composite material (ACM-A2) with polyisocyanurate (PIR) and phenolic (PF) foam and stone wool (SW) insulation, the fourth having polyethylene-filled ACM (ACM-PE) with PIR insulation. Each façade was constructed from a commercial façade engineer's design, and built by practising façade installers. The ACM-PE/PIR façade burnt so ferociously it was extinguished after 13.5 min, for safety. The three ACM-A2 cladding panels lost their structural integrity, and melted away from the test wall, whereupon around 40% of both the combustible PIR and PF insulation burnt and contributed to the fire spread. This demonstrates why all façade products must be non-combustible, not just the outer panels. For the three ACM-A2 tests, while the temperature in front of the cavity was independent of the insulation, the temperatures within it varied greatly, depending on the insulation. The system using PF/A2 allowed fire to break through to the cavity first, as seen by a sharp increase in temperature after 17 min. For PIR/A2, the temperature increased sharply at 22 minutes, as the panel started to fall away from the wall. For SW/A2, no rapid temperature rise was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Jones
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Gabrielle Peck
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sean T McKenna
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jim L D Glockling
- Fire Protection Association, London Road, Moreton in Marsh, Gloucestershire, GL56 0RH, UK
| | - John Harbottle
- Fire Protection Association, London Road, Moreton in Marsh, Gloucestershire, GL56 0RH, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peck G, Jones N, McKenna ST, Glockling JLD, Harbottle J, Stec AA, Hull TR. Smoke toxicity of rainscreen façades. J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123694. [PMID: 32835994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxic smoke production of four rainscreen façade systems were compared during large-scale fire performance testing on a reduced height BS 8414 test wall. Systems comprising 'non-combustible' aluminium composite material (ACM) with polyisocyanurate (PIR), phenolic foam (PF) and stone wool (SW) insulation, and polyethylene-filled ACM with PIR insulation were tested. Smoke toxicity was measured by sampling gases at two points - the exhaust duct of the main test room and an additional 'kitchen vent', which connects the rainscreen cavity to an occupied area. Although the toxicity of the smoke was similar for the three insulation products with non-combustible ACM, the toxicity of the smoke flowing from the burning cavity through the kitchen vent was greater by factors of 40 and 17 for PIR and PF insulation respectively, when compared to SW. Occupants sheltering in a room connected to the vent are predicted to collapse, and then inhale a lethal concentration of asphyxiant gases. This is the first report quantifying fire conditions within the cavity and assessing smoke toxicity within a rainscreen façade cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Peck
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Nicola Jones
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sean T McKenna
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jim L D Glockling
- Fire Protection Association, London Road, Moreton in Marsh, Gloucestershire, GL56 0RH, UK
| | - John Harbottle
- Fire Protection Association, London Road, Moreton in Marsh, Gloucestershire, GL56 0RH, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McKenna S, Birtles R, Dickens K, Walker R, Spearpoint M, Stec AA, Hull TR. Authors' response to comments on "Flame retardants in UK furniture increase smoke toxicity more than they reduce fire growth rate". Chemosphere 2019; 232:512-515. [PMID: 30420099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean McKenna
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Robert Birtles
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK; Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, Manchester, M4 5HU, UK
| | - Kathryn Dickens
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Richard Walker
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK; West Midlands Fire Service Headquarters, 99 Vauxhall Road, Birmingham, B7 4HW, UK
| | - Michael Spearpoint
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Olsson Fire and Risk, Manchester, M4 6WX, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bengtström L, Salden M, Stec AA. Stability of Isocyanates Sampled in Fire Smokes. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:1171-1175. [PMID: 30107393 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of airborne isocyanates is associated with acute asthma attacks and inflammation in the respiratory tract as well as cancer. These highly reactive compounds are used as monomers in various applications such as foams for insulation materials and upholstery furniture and are therefore commonly found in fire smoke from insulation materials, such as rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. Consequently, there is an increasing concern regarding the potential adverse health effects they may cause during this type of exposure.The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of generated isocyanates from aerobic pyrolysis of PIR after sampling in the derivatization solution as well as after sample preparation to establish the optimal storage conditions and rate of degradation. Both airborne and particle-bound isocyanates were collected, using dibutylamine as derivatization agent in a midget impinger and impregnated filter after the impinger. The rapid degradation of the generated isocyanates after sampling emphasizes the need for a prompt sample preparation and analysis, in particular for the collected mono-isocyanates, as the concentration decreased by 50% within 4-8 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bengtström
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, School of Physical Sciences & Computing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Mariëlle Salden
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, School of Physical Sciences & Computing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, School of Physical Sciences & Computing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stec AA, Dickens K, Barnes JLJ, Bedford C. Environmental contamination following the Grenfell Tower fire. Chemosphere 2019; 226:576-586. [PMID: 30953902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Grenfell Tower fire in central London, started within a flat, engulfed the whole 24 storey building in flames, killed 72 people and spread toxic effluent via the plume and particulate deposits. Soil samples from 6 locations up to 1,2 km from the Tower, together with semi-burnt fire debris and char samples, were collected 1 and 6 months after the fire. Additionally, dust samples and condensates were collected from a flat 160 m away from the Tower after 17 months. Samples were analysed for common potentially toxic components of fire effluents and synthetic vitreous fibres. Samples collected within 140 m of the Tower showed, amongst other toxicants, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin concentrations 60 times greater than UK urban reference soil levels; benzene levels were 40 times greater; levels of 6 key polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were approximately 160 times greater. PAHs levels are approximately 20 times greater than those reported from nearby Hyde Park before the fire. To explain the presence of these pyrogenic contaminants char and partially burnt debris were also collected and analysed. Benzene, PAHs, isocyanates and phosphorus flame retardants were found. Hydrogen cyanide and synthetic vitreous fibres were present in both soil and debris. Particulate and pyrogenic contamination in the immediate vicinity is clearly evident, and may have leached out of fire debris, char and dust. Further analysis of the area around the Tower is necessary to understand potential health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Kathryn Dickens
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jessica L J Barnes
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Clare Bedford
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Starosta SB, Stec AA. Robot-assisted laparoscopic midureteral stricture repair and percutaneous stent placement in an infant. J Pediatr Urol 2019; 15:289-290. [PMID: 31060967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mid-ureteral strictures in infants are a rare cause of hydronephrosis. In this surgical technique video we demonstrate a repair of a mid-ureteral stricture using a robot- assisted laparoscopic approach to mobilize and excise the stricture using the assistance of a hitch stitch as well as placement of a percutaneous stent. This technique was easily performed and successful for this patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Starosta
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Urology, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. CSB 644, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - A A Stec
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Urology, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. CSB 644, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McKenna ST, Jones N, Peck G, Dickens K, Pawelec W, Oradei S, Harris S, Stec AA, Hull TR. Fire behaviour of modern façade materials - Understanding the Grenfell Tower fire. J Hazard Mater 2019; 368:115-123. [PMID: 30669035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 2017 Grenfell Tower fire spread rapidly around the combustible façade system on the outside of the building, killing 72 people. We used a range of micro- and bench-scale methods to understand the fire behaviour of different types of façade product, including those used on the Tower, in order to explain the speed, ferocity and lethality of the fire. Compared to the least flammable panels, polyethylene-aluminium composites showed 55x greater peak heat release rates (pHRR) and 70x greater total heat release (THR), while widely-used high-pressure laminate panels showed 25x greater pHRR and 115x greater THR. Compared to the least combustible insulation products, polyisocyanurate foam showed 16x greater pHRR and 35x greater THR, while phenolic foam showed 9x greater pHRR and 48x greater THR. A few burning drips of polyethylene from the panelling are enough to ignite the foam insulation, providing a novel explanation for rapid flame-spread within the facade. Smoke from polyisocyanurates was 15x, and phenolics 5x more toxic than from mineral wool insulation. 1 kg of burning polyisocyanurate insulation is sufficient to fill a 50m3 room with an incapacitating and ultimately lethal effluent. Simple, additive models are proposed, which provide the same rank order as BS8414 large-scale regulatory tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T McKenna
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Nicola Jones
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Gabrielle Peck
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Kathryn Dickens
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Weronika Pawelec
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Stefano Oradei
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Stephen Harris
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McKenna ST, Birtles R, Dickens K, Walker RG, Spearpoint MJ, Stec AA, Hull TR. Flame retardants in UK furniture increase smoke toxicity more than they reduce fire growth rate. Chemosphere 2018; 196:429-439. [PMID: 29324384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper uses fire statistics to show the importance of fire toxicity on fire deaths and injuries, and the importance of upholstered furniture and bedding on fatalities from unwanted fires. The aim was to compare the fire hazards (fire growth and smoke toxicity) using different upholstery materials. Four compositions of sofa-bed were compared: three meeting UK Furniture Flammability Regulations (FFR), and one using materials without flame retardants intended for the mainland European market. Two of the UK sofa-beds relied on chemical flame retardants to meet the FFR, the third used natural materials and a technical weave in order to pass the test. Each composition was tested in the bench-scale cone calorimeter (ISO 5660) and burnt as a whole sofa-bed in a sofa configuration in a 3.4 × 2.25 × 2.4 m3 test room. All of the sofas were ignited with a No. 7 wood crib; the temperatures and yields of toxic products are reported. The sofa-beds containing flame retardants burnt somewhat more slowly than the non-flame retarded EU sofa-bed, but in doing so produced significantly greater quantities of the main fire toxicants, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Assessment of the effluents' potential to incapacitate and kill is provided showing the two UK flame retardant sofa-beds to be the most dangerous, followed by the sofa-bed made with European materials. The UK sofa-bed made only from natural materials (Cottonsafe®) burnt very slowly and produced very low concentrations of toxic gases. Including fire toxicity in the FFR would reduce the chemical flame retardants and improve fire safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T McKenna
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Robert Birtles
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK; Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, Manchester, M4 5HU, UK
| | - Kathryn Dickens
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Richard G Walker
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK; West Midlands Fire Service Headquarters, 99 Vauxhall Road, Birmingham B7 4HW, UK
| | - Michael J Spearpoint
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Olsson Fire and Risk, Manchester, M4 6WX, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Dwelling fires have changed over the years because building contents and the materials used in then have changed. They all contribute to an ever-growing diversity of chemical species found in fires, many of them highly toxic. These arise largely from the changing nature of materials in interior finishes and furniture, with an increasing content of synthetic materials containing higher levels of nitrogen, halogen and phosphorus additives. While there is still a belief that carbon monoxide is the major lethal toxic agent in fires, the hydrogen cyanide and acid gases released from these additives are now well-recognised as major contributory causes of incapacitation, morbidity and mortality in domestic fires. Data for the total number of 263 fire death cases in the Mazowieckie region (mainly Warsaw area) of Poland between 2003-2011 for dwellings fires were obtained from pathologists, forensic toxicologists, fire fighters and analysed. Factors contributing to the death such as the findings of the full post mortem examination (age, sex, health status, burns), the toxicological analysis (carbon monoxide, alcohol etc.), and a thorough investigation of the scene (fire conditions, fuel, etc.) were taken into account and are summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Warsaw Medical University, Poland.
| | - Monika Rużycka
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Warsaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroczyński
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Warsaw Medical University, Poland
| | | | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire Hazards and Science, School of Physical Sciences and Computing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hewitt F, Christou A, Dickens K, Walker R, Stec AA. Release of volatile and semi-volatile toxicants during house fires. Chemosphere 2017; 173:580-593. [PMID: 28157555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative results are presented from analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs/SVOCs) obtained through sampling of gaseous effluent and condensed particulates during a series of experimental house fires conducted in a real house. Particular emphasis is given to the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed by the Environmental Protection Agency due to their potentially carcinogenic effects. The initial fuel packages were either cooking oil or a single sofa; these were burned both alone, and in furnished surroundings. Experiments were performed at different ventilation conditions. Qualitative Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis found VOC/SVOC releases in the developing stages of the fires, and benzo(a)pyrene - the most carcinogenic PAH - was found in at least one sampling interval in the majority of fires. A number of phosphorus fire retardants were detected, in both the gaseous effluent and particulates, from fires where the initial fuel source was a sofa. Their release during the fire is significant as they pose toxicological concerns separate from those presented by the PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hewitt
- Centre for Fire Chemistry and Fire Toxicity, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Antonis Christou
- Centre for Fire Chemistry and Fire Toxicity, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Kathryn Dickens
- Centre for Fire Chemistry and Fire Toxicity, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Richard Walker
- Centre for Fire Chemistry and Fire Toxicity, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire Chemistry and Fire Toxicity, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Christou A, Stec AA, Ahmed W, Aschberger K, Amenta V. A review of exposure and toxicological aspects of carbon nanotubes, and as additives to fire retardants in polymers. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:74-95. [PMID: 26482549 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1082972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted considerable interest due to their unique physical, chemical, optical and electrical properties opening avenues for a large number of industrial applications. They have shown potential as fire retardant additives in polymers, reducing heat release rate and increasing time to ignition in a number of polymers. Relevant work on the types, properties and applications has been reviewed particularly considering their application in fire situations. There are concerns over the health risks associated with CNTs and many papers have likened CNTs to the health problems associated with asbestos. There are contradictions relating to the toxicity of CNTs with some papers reporting that they are toxic while others state the opposite. Directly comparing various studies is difficult because CNTs come in many combinations of size, type, purity levels and source. CNTs can potentially be released from polymers during the combustion process where human exposure may occur. While this review has shed some light regarding issues relating to toxicity under different fire scenarios much more thorough work is needed to investigate toxicity of CNTs and their evolution from CNT-polymer nanocomposites in order to reach firm conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Christou
- a Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- a Centre for Fire and Hazards Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- b School of Medicine, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | - Karin Aschberger
- c Nanobiosciences Unit, European Commission - DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Ispra , Italy , and
| | - Valeria Amenta
- d European Chemical Agency , Annankatu 18 , Helsinki , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ren X, Zong R, Hu Y, Lo S, Stec AA, Hull TR. Investigation of thermal decomposition of polymer nanocomposites with different char residues. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Jinzhai Road 96 Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Ruowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Jinzhai Road 96 Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Jinzhai Road 96 Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Siuming Lo
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HR UK
| | - Terence Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HR UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang SD, Song L, Zeng WR, Huang ZQ, Zhan J, Stec AA, Hull TR, Hu Y, Hu WZ. Self-assembly fabrication of hollow mesoporous silica@Co-Al layered double hydroxide@graphene and application in toxic effluents elimination. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:8506-8514. [PMID: 25853838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose a self-assembly process to prepare hierarchical HM-SiO2@Co-Al LDH@graphene, with the purpose of combining their outstanding performance. Hollow mesoporous silica was first synthesized as the core, using a novel sonochemical method, followed by a controlled shell coating process and chemical reduction. As a result of the electrostatic potential difference among HM-SiO2, Co-Al LDH, and graphene oxide, the HM-SiO2 spheres were coated by Co-Al LDH and graphene. Subsequently, the HM-SiO2@Co-Al LDH@graphene spheres were introduced into an epoxy resin (EP) matrix for investigation of their toxic effluents capture and elimination effectiveness during combustion. The amount of toxic CO and volatile organic compounds from the epoxy resin decomposition significantly suppressed after incorporating the HM-SiO2@Co-Al LDH@graphene hybrids, implying a reduced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Dong Jiang
- †State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- †State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ru Zeng
- †State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Qi Huang
- †State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhan
- †State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna A Stec
- §Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - T Richard Hull
- §Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Hu
- †State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- ‡Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zhao Hu
- †State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Li X, Cao Z, Fang Z, Hull TR, Stec AA. Synthesis of Zinc Phosphonated Poly(ethylene imine) and Its Fire-Retardant Effect in Low-Density Polyethylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504200y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhenhu Cao
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang SD, Bai ZM, Tang G, Song L, Stec AA, Hull TR, Hu Y, Hu WZ. Synthesis of mesoporous silica@Co-Al layered double hydroxide spheres: layer-by-layer method and their effects on the flame retardancy of epoxy resins. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:14076-14086. [PMID: 25062606 DOI: 10.1021/am503412y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical mesoporous silica@Co-Al layered double hydroxide (m-SiO2@Co-Al LDH) spheres were prepared through a layer-by-layer assembly process, in order to integrate their excellent physical and chemical functionalities. TEM results depicted that, due to the electrostatic potential difference between m-SiO2 and Co-Al LDH, the synthetic m-SiO2@Co-Al LDH hybrids exhibited that m-SiO2 spheres were packaged by the Co-Al LDH nanosheets. Subsequently, the m-SiO2@Co-Al LDH spheres were incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) to prepare specimens for investigation of their flame-retardant performance. Cone results indicated that m-SiO2@Co-Al LDH incorporated obviously improved fire retardant of EP. A plausible mechanism of fire retardant was hypothesized based on the analyses of thermal conductivity, char residues, and pyrolysis fragments. Labyrinth effect of m-SiO2 and formation of graphitized carbon char catalyzed by Co-Al LDH play pivotal roles in the flame retardance enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Hu W, Zhan J, Wang X, Hong N, Wang B, Song L, Stec AA, Hull TR, Wang J, Hu Y. Effect of Functionalized Graphene Oxide with Hyper-Branched Flame Retardant on Flammability and Thermal Stability of Cross-Linked Polyethylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Hu W, Zhan J, Hong N, Hull TR, Stec AA, Song L, Wang J, Hu Y. Flame retardant polystyrene copolymers: preparation, thermal properties, and fire toxicities. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui 230026 PR China
| | - Jing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui 230026 PR China
| | - Ningning Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui 230026 PR China
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE UK
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE UK
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui 230026 PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui 230026 PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui 230026 PR China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu W, Zhan J, Wang X, Hong N, Wang B, Song L, Stec AA, Hull TR, Wang J, Hu Y. Effect of Functionalized Graphene Oxide with Hyper-Branched Flame Retardant on Flammability and Thermal Stability of Cross-Linked Polyethylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4026743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Hu
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhan
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningning Hong
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for
Fire
and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre for
Fire
and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Wang
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory
of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory
of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Crewe RJ, Stec AA, Walker RG, Shaw JEA, Hull TR, Rhodes J, Garcia-Sorribes T. Experimental Results of a Residential House Fire Test on Tenability: Temperature, Smoke, and Gas Analyses. J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:139-54. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Crewe
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Richard G. Walker
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
- West Midlands Fire Service; 99 Vauxhall Road Birmingham B7 4HW U.K
| | - John E. A. Shaw
- Tyco Fire Protection Products; Security House; The Summit; Hanworth Road Sunbury-on-Thames TW16 5DB U.K
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Jennifer Rhodes
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Tamar Garcia-Sorribes
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Crewe RJ, Andrews SP, Hull TR, Birbeck PN, Stec AA. Combustion and Toxic Gas Production from Disposable Barbecues in Enclosures. J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:127-38. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Crewe
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire (UCLan); Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Stephen P. Andrews
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire (UCLan); Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire (UCLan); Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Paul N. Birbeck
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire (UCLan); Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science; University of Central Lancashire (UCLan); Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zong R, Zhi Y, Yao B, Gao J, Stec AA. Classification and identification of soot source with principal component analysis and back-propagation neural network. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2013.818711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Zong
- University of Science and Technology of China, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,, Hefei, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety,, Suzhou, China
| | - Youran Zhi
- University of Science and Technology of China, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Yao
- University of Science and Technology of China, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaxin Gao
- University of Science and Technology of China, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,, Hefei, China
| | - Anna A. Stec
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stec AA, Readman J, Blomqvist P, Gylestam D, Karlsson D, Wojtalewicz D, Dlugogorski BZ. Analysis of toxic effluents released from PVC carpet under different fire conditions. Chemosphere 2013; 90:65-71. [PMID: 22960058 PMCID: PMC7112043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A large number of investigations have been reported on minimising the PAH and PCDD/F yields during controlled combustion, such as incineration. This study is an attempt to quantify acute and chronic toxicants including PAH and PCDD/F in conditions relating to unwanted fires. This paper investigates distribution patterns of fire effluents between gas and aerosol phase, and the different particle size-ranges produced under different fire conditions. PVC carpet was selected as the fuel as a precursor for both PAH and PCDD/F. In order to generate fire effluents under controlled fire conditions, the steady-state tube furnace, was chosen as the physical fire model. Fire scenarios included oxidative pyrolysis, well-ventilated and under-ventilated fires. Fire effluent measurements included: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and furans and soot. The distribution patterns between gas and particle phase, and the size-ranges of the particles produced in these fires together with their chemical composition is also reported. Significant quantities of respirable submicron particles were detected, together with a range of PAHs. Lower levels of halogenated dioxins were detected in the fire residue compared with those found in other studies. Nevertheless, the findings do have implications for the health and safety of fire and rescue personnel, fire investigators, and other individuals exposed to the residue from unwanted fires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Patel P, Stec AA, Hull TR, Naffakh M, Diez-Pascual AM, Ellis G, Safronava N, Lyon RE. Flammability properties of PEEK and carbon nanotube composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Elhissi AM, Giebultowicz J, Stec AA, Wroczynski P, Ahmed W, Alhnan MA, Phoenix D, Taylor KM. Nebulization of ultradeformable liposomes: The influence of aerosolization mechanism and formulation excipients. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:519-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
33
|
Patel P, Hull TR, Stec AA, Lyon RE. Influence of physical properties on polymer flammability in the cone calorimeter. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Rhodes J, Smith C, Stec AA. Characterisation of soot particulates from fire retarded and nanocomposite materials, and their toxicological impact. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Sacristán M, Hull TR, Stec AA, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Cone calorimetry studies of fire retardant soybean-oil-based copolymers containing silicon or boron: Comparison of additive and reactive approaches. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
Among the many and varied applications of nanotechnology, the dispersion of nanoscopic fillers to form polymer nanocomposites with improved fire behaviour illustrates the potential and diversity of nanoscience. Different polymers decompose in different ways and fire retardants act to inhibit the decomposition or flaming combustion processes. Polymer nanocomposites form barriers between the fuel and air, reducing the rate of burning, but beyond that there is little consistency in their effects. It is shown that the decomposition products of polypropylene are changed by the presence of nanoclay, although there is only a small influence on the mass loss rate. The rheological properties of molten polymer nanocomposites are radically different from those of virgin polymers, and these will profoundly affect the heat transfer through the material, resulting in a shorter time to ignition and lower peak in the heat release rate, typical of polymer nanocomposites. The dispersion of nanofillers within polymers is generally measured in the cold polymer, but since this does not reflect the condition at the time of ignition, it is proposed that temperature ramped rheological measurements are more appropriate indicators of dispersion. The influence of polymer nanocomposite formation on the yields of toxic products from fire is studied using the ISO 19700 steady state tube furnace, and it is found that under early stages of burning more carbon monoxide and organoirritants are formed, but under the more toxic under-ventilated conditions, less toxic products are formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang DY, Liu XQ, Wang JS, Wang YZ, Stec AA, Hull TR. Preparation and characterisation of a novel fire retardant PET/α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
39
|
Wang DY, Song YP, Wang JS, Ge XG, Wang YZ, Stec AA, Richard Hull T. Double In Situ Approach for the Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposite with Multi-functionality. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009; 4:303-306. [PMID: 20596348 PMCID: PMC2894186 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-008-9242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel one-step synthetic route, the double in situ approach, is used to produce both TiO(2) nanoparticles and polymer (PET), and simultaneously forming a nanocomposite with multi-functionality. The method uses the release of water during esterification to hydrolyze titanium (IV) butoxide (Ti(OBu)(4)) forming nano-TiO(2) in the polymerization vessel. This new approach is of general significance in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites, and will lead to a new route in the synthesis of multi-functional polymer nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Yi Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Peng Song
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Guo Ge
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, School of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazards Science, School of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stec AA, Pannu HK, Tadros YE, Sponseller PD, Wakim A, Fishman EK, Gearhart JP. Evaluation of the bony pelvis in classic bladder exstrophy by using 3D-CT: further insights. Urology 2001; 58:1030-5. [PMID: 11744482 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a complete look at the bony pelvis in children with classic bladder exstrophy: dimensions, orientation, and relationships. METHODS Three-dimensional computed tomography was used in 6 boys and 1 girl, 5 of whom underwent primary closure and 2 who underwent reclosure at 4 and 8 months. These exstrophy pelves (intrapelvic angles and osseous dimensions) were compared with 26 age and sex-matched controls. RESULTS The iliac wing angle was 11.4 degrees larger in the classic bladder exstrophy cases. The sacroiliac joint angle was 9.9 degrees more externally rotated in the exstrophy cases. The pelvis was rotated 14.7 degrees in the superoinferior plane in the exstrophy cases. The mean pubic diastasis was 4.2 cm (0.6 cm in controls). The inter-triradiate distance in the patients with classic bladder exstrophy averaged 6.0 cm (4.2 cm in controls). CONCLUSIONS These new findings provide a better understanding of the bony pelvis, especially its posterior portion, in patients with classic bladder exstrophy. The results of this study revealed the orientation of the sacroiliac joints to be more externally oriented than previously thought and the pelvis to be rotated inferiorly, a previously unknown observation. Both of these factors will be important in the planning of newer osteotomies and pelvic reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Stec
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stec AA, Pannu HK, Tadros YE, Sponseller PD, Fishman EK, Gearhart JP. Pelvic floor anatomy in classic bladder exstrophy using 3-dimensional computerized tomography: initial insights. J Urol 2001; 166:1444-9. [PMID: 11547108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present the pelvic floor anatomy of the major pelvic floor musculature in classic bladder exstrophy, including the levator ani, obturator internus and obturator externus. By improving our knowledge of pelvic floor anatomy we hope to understand better the relationship of the pelvic floor to the bony anatomy as well as the role of osteotomy in changing pelvic floor anatomy to enhance urinary control after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3-Dimensional computerized tomography was done in 6 boys and 1 girl, including 5 patients 2 days to 5 months old (mean age 7 months) undergoing primary closure and 2 who were 4 and 8 years old undergoing repeat closure. The pelvic floor musculature, including the levator ani, obturator internus and obturator externus, in these cases was compared to that in 26 age and sex matched controls. RESULTS The levator ani musculature encompasses a significantly wider area of 9.5 cm.2 in patients with classic bladder exstrophy than in controls. The anterior segment of the levator ani was shorter (1.2 cm.) and the posterior segment of the levator ani was longer (2.5 cm.) than in controls. The degree of divergence of the levator ani in classic exstrophy was significantly more outwardly rotated (38.8 degrees) than controls. In addition, the transverse diameter of the levator hiatus was 2-fold that in our control group and in that of published controls, while the length of the hiatus was 1.3-fold that in normal controls. There was also significant flattening, involving a 31.7 degree decrease in steepness between the right and left halves of the levator ani, of the puborectal sling in classic bladder exstrophy versus controls. Because of these findings, there is more anterior superior rotation in the pelvic floor in exstrophy cases. The obturator internus was more outwardly rotated (15.1 degrees) in exstrophy and the obturator externus also showed more outward rotation (16.9 degrees) than in controls. CONCLUSIONS This study provides better understanding of the pelvic floor anatomy in classic bladder exstrophy. Significant differences have been documented in the pelvic floor in classic bladder exstrophy cases and controls. Hopefully these differences may have a pivotal role in providing new insight into long-term issues, such as urinary and fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse, in classic bladder exstrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Stec
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|