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Cota P, Caliskan ÖS, Bastidas-Ponce A, Jing C, Jaki J, Saber L, Czarnecki O, Taskin D, Blöchinger AK, Kurth T, Sterr M, Burtscher I, Krahmer N, Lickert H, Bakhti M. Insulin regulates human pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation in vitro. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101853. [PMID: 38103636 PMCID: PMC10765254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consequences of mutations in genes associated with monogenic forms of diabetes on human pancreas development cannot be studied in a time-resolved fashion in vivo. More specifically, if recessive mutations in the insulin gene influence human pancreatic endocrine lineage formation is still an unresolved question. METHODS To model the extremely reduced insulin levels in patients with recessive insulin gene mutations, we generated a novel knock-in H2B-Cherry reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line expressing no insulin upon differentiation to stem cell-derived (SC-) β cells in vitro. Differentiation of iPSCs into the pancreatic and endocrine lineage, combined with immunostaining, Western blotting and proteomics analysis phenotypically characterized the insulin gene deficiency in SC-islets. Furthermore, we leveraged FACS analysis and confocal microscopy to explore the impact of insulin shortage on human endocrine cell induction, composition, differentiation and proliferation. RESULTS Interestingly, insulin-deficient SC-islets exhibited low insulin receptor (IR) signaling when stimulated with glucose but displayed increased IR sensitivity upon treatment with exogenous insulin. Furthermore, insulin shortage did not alter neurogenin-3 (NGN3)-mediated endocrine lineage induction. Nevertheless, lack of insulin skewed the SC-islet cell composition with an increased number in SC-β cell formation at the expense of SC-α cells. Finally, insulin deficiency reduced the rate of SC-β cell proliferation but had no impact on the expansion of SC-α cells. CONCLUSIONS Using iPSC disease modelling, we provide first evidence of insulin function in human pancreatic endocrine lineage formation. These findings help to better understand the phenotypic impact of recessive insulin gene mutations during pancreas development and shed light on insulin gene function beside its physiological role in blood glucose regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Cota
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Özüm Sehnaz Caliskan
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Changying Jing
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Munich medical research school (MMRS), Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Jaki
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lama Saber
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Czarnecki
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Damla Taskin
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technology Platform Core Facility Electron Microscopy and Histology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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Ardila Riveros JC, Blöchinger AK, Atwell S, Moussus M, Compera N, Rajabnia O, Georgiev T, Lickert H, Meier M. Automated optimization of endoderm differentiation on chip. Lab Chip 2021; 21:4685-4695. [PMID: 34751293 PMCID: PMC8613673 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can serve as an unlimited source to rebuild organotypic tissues in vitro. Successful engineering of functional cell types and complex organ structures outside the human body requires knowledge of the chemical, temporal, and spatial microenvironment of their in vivo counterparts. Despite an increased understanding of mouse and human embryonic development, screening approaches are still required for the optimization of stem cell differentiation protocols to gain more functional mature cell types. The liver, lung, pancreas, and digestive tract originate from the endoderm germ layer. Optimization and specification of the earliest differentiation step, which is the definitive endoderm (DE), is of central importance for generating cell types of these organs because off-target cell types will propagate during month-long cultivation steps and reduce yields. Here, we developed a microfluidic large-scale integration (mLSI) chip platform for combined automated three-dimensional (3D) cell culturing and high-throughput imaging to investigate anterior/posterior patterns occurring during hiPSC differentiation into DE cells. Integration of 3D cell cultures with a diameter of 150 μm was achieved using a U-shaped pneumatic membrane valve, which was geometrically optimized and fluidically characterized. Upon parallelization of 32 fluidically individually addressable cell culture unit cells with a total of 128 3D cell cultures, complex and long-term DE differentiation protocols could be automated. Real-time bright-field imaging was used to analyze cell growth during DE differentiation, and immunofluorescence imaging on optically cleared 3D cell cultures was used to determine the DE differentiation yield. By systematically alternating transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and WNT signaling agonist concentrations and temporal stimulation, we showed that even under similar DE differentiation yields, there were patterning differences in the 3D cell cultures, indicating possible differentiation differences between established DE protocols. The automated mLSI chip platform with the general analytical workflow for 3D stem cell cultures offers the optimization of in vitro generation of various cell types for cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Scott Atwell
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Michel Moussus
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nina Compera
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Omid Rajabnia
- Laboratory for MEMS Application, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tihomir Georgiev
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Siehler J, Blöchinger AK, Meier M, Lickert H. Engineering islets from stem cells for advanced therapies of diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:920-940. [PMID: 34376833 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects more than 460 million people worldwide. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells, whereas type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by a hostile metabolic environment that leads to β-cell exhaustion and dysfunction. Currently, first-line medications treat the symptomatic insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, but do not prevent the progressive decline of β-cell mass and function. Thus, advanced therapies need to be developed that either protect or regenerate endogenous β-cell mass early in disease progression or replace lost β-cells with stem cell-derived β-like cells or engineered islet-like clusters. In this Review, we discuss the state of the art of stem cell differentiation and islet engineering, reflect on current and future challenges in the area and highlight the potential for cell replacement therapies, disease modelling and drug development using these cells. These efforts in stem cell and regenerative medicine will lay the foundations for future biomedical breakthroughs and potentially curative treatments for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Siehler J, Blöchinger AK, Akgün M, Wang X, Shahryari A, Geerlof A, Lickert H, Burtscher I. Generation of a heterozygous C-peptide-mCherry reporter human iPSC line (HMGUi001-A-8). Stem Cell Res 2020; 50:102126. [PMID: 33373890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone insulin produced by pancreatic β-cells undergoes post-transcriptional processing before secretion. In particular, C-peptide is cleaved from pro-insulin to generate mature insulin. Here, we introduce a C-peptide-mCherry human iPSC line (HMGUi001-A-8). The line was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated heterozygous insertion of the mCherry sequence into exon 3 of the insulin locus. We demonstrate that the line is pluripotent and efficiently differentiates towards pancreatic β-like cells, which localize a red fluorescent C-peptide-mCherry fusion protein in insulin containing granules. Hence, the HMGUi001-A-8 line is a valuable resource to purify derived β-like cells and follow insulin-containing granules in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Melis Akgün
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Xianming Wang
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Alireza Shahryari
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany; Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Arie Geerlof
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Shahryari A, Moya N, Siehler J, Wang X, Karolina Blöchinger A, Burtscher I, Bakhti M, Mowla SJ, Lickert H. Generation of a human iPSC line harboring a biallelic large deletion at the INK4 locus (HMGUi001-A-5). Stem Cell Res 2020; 47:101927. [PMID: 32739881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The INK4 locus is considered as a hot-spot region for the complex genetic disorders, including cancer, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and coronary artery disease (CAD). By CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we generated a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line (HMGUi001-A-5) deleting an 8 kb genomic DNA encompassing six T2D-associated SNPs at the INK4 locus. The resulting hiPSC line revealed a normal karyotype, preserved pluripotency and was able to differentiate towards germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. Thus, the HMGUi001-A-5 line could provide a valuable cellular model to explore the molecular mechanisms linking these SNPs to T2D and other genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shahryari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 München, Germany; Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Noel Moya
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Xianming Wang
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 München, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Siehler J, Blöchinger AK, Lickert H. Pharmacological Targeting of the Actin Cytoskeleton to Drive Endocrinogenesis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:384-386. [PMID: 32340752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro generation of insulin-secreting beta cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) opens new avenues for treating and modeling diabetes. Hogrebe and colleaguesestablished a new 2D differentiation protocol where they targeted the cytoskeleton pharmacologically for controlled endocrine induction and generation of hPSC-derived beta cells with improved function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of β-Cell Biology Technische Universität München, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Blöchinger AK, Siehler J, Wißmiller K, Shahryari A, Burtscher I, Lickert H. Generation of an INSULIN-H2B-Cherry reporter human iPSC line. Stem Cell Res 2020; 45:101797. [PMID: 32361463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into insulin (INS)-producing β-like cells has potential for diabetes research and therapy. Here, we generated a heterozygous fluorescent hiPSC reporter, labeling INS-producing β-like cells. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock-in a T2A-H2B-Cherry cassette to replace the translational INS stop codon, enabling co-transcription and T2A-peptide mediated co-translational cleavage of INS-T2A and H2B-Cherry. The hiPSC-INS-T2A-H2B-Cherry reporter cells were pluripotent and showed multi-lineage differentiation potential. Cells expressing the β-cell specific hormone INS are identified by nuclear localized H2B-Cherry reporter upon pancreatic endocrine differentiation. Thus, the generated reporter hiPSCs enable live identification of INS hormone-producing β-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Katharina Wißmiller
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Alireza Shahryari
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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