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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Gonzalez S. Application of dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy in vivo in the evaluation of nevi in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38632838 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytic nevi are frequently observed in the pediatric population. While newly acquired nevi can appear during childhood, congenital nevi can continue to grow and clinically change, making patient caregivers concerned. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in vivo is a noninvasive tool that might enhance the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy, reducing the rate of unnecessary surgical procedures. This study aimed to assess the utility of RCM in increasing the diagnostic accuracy of pediatric melanocytic nevi that show pigmentation changes or grow rapidly. METHODS Pediatric patients who presented between January 2022 and February 2023 in a single institution with rapidly growing melanocytic nevi or nevi that presented changes in the pigmentation were included in the study. All nevi were evaluated by means of dermoscopy and RCM. RESULTS Forty-two patients with a total of 42 melanocytic nevi were included. Most lesions showed a honeycombed pattern (n = 21, 50%). On RCM, only 3 of 42 nevi presented atypical cells within the epidermis (7.1%). Evaluation of the dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) revealed the predominance of the meshwork pattern (n = 22, 52.4%). Notably, features considered significant for atypical melanocytic nevi included 9 nevi with scant atypical melanocytes (21.4%) and 3 nevi with nonedge papillae (7.1%). None of the studied lesions required biopsy among this cohort. CONCLUSIONS Most rapidly growing and clinically changing nevi rarely exhibit single atypical cells in the DEJ. The RCM served as a valuable adjunct to dermoscopy, allowing reassurance in the evaluation of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá de Henares University, Madrid, Spain
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Calik J, Zawada T, Bove T, Dzięgiel P, Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Mackiewicz J, Woźniak B, Sauer N. Healing Process after High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Benign Skin Lesions: Dermoscopic Analysis and Treatment Guidelines. J Clin Med 2024; 13:931. [PMID: 38398246 PMCID: PMC10888560 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) has emerged as a precise and non-invasive modality for tissue ablation and healing. This study presents a detailed dermoscopic analysis of skin healing post-High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) treatment, focusing on common benign skin lesions, such as seborrheic keratosis, sebaceous hyperplasia, vascular lesions, and sebaceous nevi. Methods: Prior to HIFU treatment, a comprehensive assessment was conducted, integrating ultrasound scanning and clinical evaluations. The TOOsonix System ONE-M was employed for HIFU treatments, with parameters tailored to each lesion type. Results: A common pattern observed across all lesions includes initial whitening post treatment, followed by scab formation and the development of a pink area with reparative vessels. This study, however, highlights distinct differences in fibrosis patterns and healing timelines across different lesion types. Each lesion type exhibited unique fibrosis patterns post treatment. Flatter variants of seborrheic keratosis healed within a month, displaying hypopigmentation and reparative vessels, alongside a distinct lattice fibrosis pattern in more verrucous forms, which took about two months to heal. Sebaceous hyperplasia, characterized by rapid healing within three weeks, demonstrated fibrosis with pink areas and perpendicular white lines, concluding with a slight depression. Vascular lesions varied in healing time based on depth, with superficial ones showing whitening and crust formation, while deeper lesions had vessel occlusion and size reduction accompanied by concentric fibrotic bands. Sebaceous nevi presented the longest healing duration of three months, characterized by amorphous white-gray structures, scab formation, and the emergence of pink areas with branching vessels, leading to clear skin with reduced white lines. Conclusions: in conclusion, this meticulous clinical evaluation highlights the unique healing characteristics and timelines for each skin lesion type treated with HIFU. These insights are invaluable for optimizing follow-up assessments, identifying potential complications, and refining treatment protocols. By providing detailed insights into the healing timelines and patterns for different types of lesions, patients can be better informed about their post-treatment journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Calik
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
- Old Town Clinic, 50-136 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Zawada
- TOOsonix A/S, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark; (T.Z.); (T.B.)
| | - Torsten Bove
- TOOsonix A/S, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark; (T.Z.); (T.B.)
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Mackiewicz
- Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Natalia Sauer
- Old Town Clinic, 50-136 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Pietkiewicz P, Korecka K, Salwowska N, Kohut I, Adhikari A, Bowszyc-Dmochowska M, Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Navarrete-Dechent C. Porokeratoses-A Comprehensive Review on the Genetics and Metabolomics, Imaging Methods and Management of Common Clinical Variants. Metabolites 2023; 13:1176. [PMID: 38132857 PMCID: PMC10744643 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porokeratosis is a heterogeneous group of keratinising disorders characterised by the presence of particular microscopic structural changes, namely the presence of the cornoid lamella. This structure develops as a consequence of a defective isoprenoid pathway, critical for cholesterol synthesis. Commonly recognised variants include disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, disseminated superficial porokeratosis, porokeratosis of Mibelli, palmoplantar porokeratosis (including porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata and punctate porokeratosis), linear porokeratosis, verrucous porokeratosis (also known as genitogluteal porokeratosis), follicular porokeratosis and porokeratoma. Apart from the clinical presentation and epidemiology of each variant listed, this review aims at providing up-to-date information on the precise genetic background, introduces imaging methods facilitating the diagnosis (conventional and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy and pathology), discusses their oncogenic potential and reviews the literature data on the efficacy of the treatment used, including the drugs directly targeting the isoprenoid-mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Pietkiewicz
- Dermatology Private Practice, 61-683 Poznan, Poland
- Polish Dermatoscopy Group, 61-683 Poznan, Poland; (K.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Korecka
- Polish Dermatoscopy Group, 61-683 Poznan, Poland; (K.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Salwowska
- Polish Dermatoscopy Group, 61-683 Poznan, Poland; (K.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ihor Kohut
- Skin Health Center, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | | | - Monika Bowszyc-Dmochowska
- Cutaneous Histopathology and Immunopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Cristian Navarrete-Dechent
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
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Łabędź N, Navarrete-Dechent C, Kubisiak-Rzepczyk H, Bowszyc-Dmochowska M, Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Pietkiewicz P. Pityriasis Versicolor-A Narrative Review on the Diagnosis and Management. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2097. [PMID: 37895478 PMCID: PMC10608716 DOI: 10.3390/life13102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review presents a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis and management of pityriasis versicolor (PV), a common superficial fungal infection caused by the yeast Malassezia. PV is characterised by scaly hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches, primarily affecting the upper trunk, neck, and upper arms. Regarding commensal interactions, Malassezia utilises nutrient sources without affecting the human host. In cases of pathogenicity, Malassezia can directly harm the host via virulence factors or toxins, or indirectly by triggering damaging host responses. The diagnosis typically relies on recognising characteristic clinical features. Due to the wide variability in its clinical presentation, recognising the differential diagnosis is critical. In this paper, we discuss the clinical differentials, with their dermatoscopic presentation, but also describe a range of helpful diagnostic techniques (microscopy, conventional and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, and confocal microscopy). Topical therapies are the primary treatment for PV, encompassing non-specific antifungal agents like sulphur with salicylic acid, selenium sulphide 2.5%, and zinc pyrithione. Additionally, specific topical antifungal medications with either fungicidal or fungistatic properties may also be incorporated into the topical treatment regimen, such as imidazoles, allylamines, and ciclopirox olamine. Systemic therapies might occasionally be used. Patient education and the promotion of good personal hygiene are pivotal to reduce the risk of recurrence. In recurrent cases, particularly during warmer and more humid periods, prolonged prophylaxis with topical agents should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Łabędź
- Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Biegański’s Hospital, 91-347 Łódź, Poland
| | - Cristian Navarrete-Dechent
- Department of Dermatology, Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Honorata Kubisiak-Rzepczyk
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
| | - Monika Bowszyc-Dmochowska
- Cutaneous Histopathology and Immunopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Pietkiewicz
- Dermatology Private Practice, 60-814 Poznań, Poland
- Polish Dermatoscopy Group, 61-883 Poznań, Poland
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Slowinska M, Farinazzo E, Conforti C, Agozzino M. Spitz nevus and melanoma: evaluation with dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2023; 40:427-431. [PMID: 37545824 PMCID: PMC10399674 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2023.125968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spitz nevi (SN) include a wide range of benign melanocytic nevi, which are controversial due to their morphologic resemblance to melanoma (MM). Aim To describe dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopic (RCM) features of SN compared to MM and assess the RCM utility in the differential diagnosis. Material and methods We performed a multicentre retrospective analysis of MM and SN evaluated with dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy. Three RCM mosaics were obtained for each lesion. Nine dermoscopic and twenty-one microscopic features were assessed for each lesion. Results A total of 26 lesions (15 SN and 11 MM) were included. Dermoscopically, most SN showed a "starburst" pattern. Asymmetry was marked in 8 MM. There were 6 dermoscopic features significantly more prevalent in MM than in SN. RCM showed that an atypical honeycomb pattern, atypical infiltration, and disarray of the epidermis were significant for MM. SN mostly revealed a typical honeycomb pattern. At the DEJ, most of SN had a meshwork pattern; MM revealed an atypical meshwork pattern. Atypical cells and sheet-like structures were observed in most MM. Conclusions A combined approach using dermoscopy and RCM supports the differential diagnosis of SN and MM. Although our study showed some significant differences between SN and MM in RCM, further research on a larger group should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudio Conforti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marina Agozzino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Antkowiak R, Poloczek R. Trichoblastoma in reflectance confocal microscopy. Australas J Dermatol 2023; 64:e89-e90. [PMID: 36565229 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryszard Antkowiak
- Department of General Surgery, St. Joseph Hospital in Mikolow, Mikolow, Poland
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Abstract
Lichen planus like keratosis (LPLK) is a benign skin lesions often occurring between the fifth and eighth decades of life. It was first described and diagnosed in 1966. It's a benign lesion presents as a solitary pink, red or grey macule, plaque or papule of the face, upper extremities or the upper part of chest. The diameter of lesion often ranges between 5- 20mm. Clinical and dermoscopic features may lead to misdiagnose as a pigmented basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease or even malignant lentigo. Most cases of LPLK develop in coexistence with other benign skin lesions such as seborrheic keratosis or solar lentigo. The etiopathogenesis of LPLK is poorly understood. Some authors suggest that LPLK may be an intermediate inflammatory stage of a regressing seborrheic keratosis or solar lentigo. The aim of our study was to describe diagnostic methods of LPLK.
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Grzegorczyn SŁ, Corneli P, Szepietowski JC. A Comparative Study of Pigmented and Non-pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma in Reflectance Confocal Microscopy. In Vivo 2021; 35:423-427. [PMID: 33402492 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common skin cancer, especially in the elderly population. The probability of BCC development increases past the age of 55. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) are two modern tools useful in the diagnosis of BCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study conducted on a group of 21 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BCC. All patients were examined by dermoscopy and RCM. Dermoscopic images were taken using a videodermoscope. RCM was performed in three layers: epidermal, dermoepidermal junction (DEJ), and superficial dermal layer. In each layer, a few RCM criteria of basal cell carcinoma diagnosis were taken into consideration. RESULTS Dermoscopy of pigmented BCCs revealed blue globules of pigment (p<0.05), gray and blue ovoid nests, which were absent in the entire non-pigmented carcinomas group. In RCM, the epidermis showed no differences between pigmented and non-pigmented carcinomas, however, significant differences were observed at the DEJ. In pigmented BCCs, cordlike structures and plump atypical cells were observed (p<0.05), while in non-pigmented carcinomas, dark silhouettes were present (p<0.05). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, that is the first study comparing features between pigmented and non-pigmented BCC by RCM. Pigmented and non-pigmented BCCs presented different features in both dermoscopy and RCM. Furthermore, RCM revealed more discriminating features at the DEJ than dermoscopy, thus can be more efficient in the differential diagnosis of difficult BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paola Corneli
- Department of Dermatology, Ospedale Maggiore di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Corneli P, Zalaudek I, Szepietowski JC, Agozzino M. Characteristics of granuloma annulare in reflectance confocal microscopy. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e15021. [PMID: 34081377 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Corneli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Marina Agozzino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Corneli P, Agozzino M. Features of necrobiosis lipoidica in reflectance confocal microscopy. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 62:e359-e361. [PMID: 33729541 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Corneli
- Department of Dermatology, Maggiore Hospital in Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marina Agozzino
- Department of Dermatology, Maggiore Hospital in Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Calik J. Mimics of melanoma in reflectance confocal microscopy. Int J Dermatol 2020; 60:540-546. [PMID: 33166094 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of melanoma is challenging for both dermatologists and oncologists. Incidence of melanoma increases at a rate of 3-7% per year. Usage of modern tools such as dermoscopy and in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy improve early diagnosis and can save a life. There are a few melanoma simulators which can cause confusion and mislead in the differential diagnosis. This study aims to present skin lesions which can be similar to melanoma in confocal microscopy and to emphasize the importance of a detailed differential diagnosis. We describe five melanocytic lesions similar to melanoma and misleading confocal features. Although in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy is very useful in differentiating melanocytic lesions, histopathology evaluation in cases of melanoma mimics is definitive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Calik
- Lower Silesian Oncology Center Wroclaw Department of Chemotherapy, Wroclaw, Poland
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Wcisło-Dziadecka D, Brzezińska-Wcisło L, Pawlicki K, Antkowiak R, Corneli P. Features of dermatofibroma in reflectance confocal microscopy. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:951-954. [PMID: 32496610 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatofibroma (DF) is a common benign skin lesion in a majority of cases located on the legs or upper limbs. The etiology of DF is still unclear. OBJECTIVES Reflectance confocal microscopy features of DF were described. METHODS Forty patients with DF diagnosis confirmed by dermoscopy were examined using reflectance confocal microscopy VivaScope 1500 from March 2018 to April 2019. RESULTS DF was more common in females (80%) than males (20%). Thirty-six lesions (90%) were located on the limbs while four (10%) were on the trunk. Dermoscopically, 18 lesions (45%) revealed typical features: central white area with a brown network in the periphery. Twenty-two DFs (55%) were found with a central white patch and globular-like structures, surrounded by a thin brown network. In reflectance confocal microscopy, all revealed a typical honeycombed pattern, although in some cases (30%), streaming was observed. In two lesions (5%) in epidermis, few dendritic cells were observed, and one DF revealed roundish pagetoid cells (2.5%). The dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) in all lesions was abounded in dilated vessels. The most common observable feature of DF was bright "rings" composed of monomorphic, regular cells surrounding dark dermal papillae. In five lesions (12.5%), rings were "double" because of exceptionally pigmented DF. CONCLUSION Reflectance confocal microscopy enables us to describe microscopic features of DF. There are four confocal microscopic features observable in each DF: in the epidermis, normal honeycombed pattern, sometimes with local streaming, in DEJ, edged papillae, bright rings, and dilated vessels.
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Antkowiak R. [Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of scleroderma]. Wiad Lek 2006; 59:392-5. [PMID: 17017489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Scleroderma is the autoimmunologic disease with induration and fibrosis of the skin, subcutaneous tissue; sometimes refers to muscles, bones and other internal organs. Pathogenesis of morphea is still unknown. There are two main types of scleroderma: the first type is related only to the skin (localized scleroderma--morphea), while the second is connected with fibrosis and induration of the skin, lungs, heart and other organs (systemic sclerosis). There are various clinical forms of scleroderma circumscripta: linear scleroderma (the most frequent in children), morphea en plaque, generalized morphea, nodular and keloidea like, morphea guttata, scleroderma circumscripta with blisters on the surface-bullous morphea. Morphea profunda is the most severe type of scleroderma localized on the skin. Although the diagnosis of morphea is not so difficult, the treatment is problematic and not very effective. It is very important to initiate the proper treatment as soon as possible. There are three main ways of morphea treatment: medication (receiving local or per os), physical methods (for example phototherapy) and balneotherapy or climatic treatment.
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Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A. [The role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of skin diseases]. Wiad Lek 2001; 53:439-42. [PMID: 11070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to estimate the mast cells role in the pathogenesis of many skin diseases. Considering many morphological and functional aspects, the participation of MC in immunological processes and such diseases as mastocytosis, scleroderma and psoriasis was noticed.
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