1
|
Brilhante RSN, de Oliveira JS, de Jesus Evangelista AJ, Pereira VS, Alencar LP, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Câmara LMC, de Lima-Neto RG, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. In vitro effects of promethazine on cell morphology and structure and mitochondrial activity of azole-resistant Candida tropicalis. Med Mycol 2019; 56:1012-1022. [PMID: 29420801 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of promethazine on the antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations against planktonic cells and mature biofilms of Candida tropicalis, as well as investigate its potential mechanisms of cell damage against this yeast species. Three C. tropicalis isolates (two azole-resistant and one azole-susceptible) were evaluated for their planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to promethazine alone and in combination with itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin. The antifungal activity of promethazine against C. tropicalis was investigated by performing time-kill curve assays and assessing rhodamine 6G efflux, cell size/granularity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, through flow cytometry. Promethazine showed antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilms at concentrations of 64 and 128 μg/ml, respectively. The addition of two subinhibitory concentrations of promethazine reduced the antifungal MICs for all tested azole drugs against planktonic growth, reversing the resistance phenotype to all azoles. Promethazine decreased the efflux of rhodamine 6G in an azole-resistant strain. Moreover, promethazine decreased cell size/granularity and caused membrane damage, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. In conclusion, promethazine presented synergy with azole antifungals against resistant C. tropicalis and exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against C. tropicalis, altering cell size/granularity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial function, demonstrating potential mechanisms of cell damage against this yeast species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | | | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pereira Alencar
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.,School of Veterinary, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aguiar Cordeiro RD, de Jesus Evangelista AJ, Serpa R, Colares de Andrade AR, Leite Mendes PB, Silva Franco JD, de Oliveira JS, de Alencar LP, Sales JA, Carneiro Câmara LM, Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco DD, Nogueira Brilhante RS, Costa Sidrim JJ, Gadelha Rocha MF. β-lactam antibiotics & vancomycin increase the growth & virulence of Candida spp. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:869-875. [PMID: 29882422 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the direct effect of antibiotics on growth and virulence of the major Candida species associated with invasive infections. MATERIALS & METHODS Cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, amoxicillin and vancomycin were tested at twofold the peak plasma concentration (2× PP) and the peak plasma concentration (PP). The effects of antibiotics on Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis were investigated by colony counting, flow cytometry, proteolytic activity and virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. RESULTS Antibiotics increase growth and proteolytic activity of Candida spp; In addition, amoxicillin potentiates virulence of C. krusei and C. tropicalis against Caenorhabditis elegans. CONCLUSION These results suggest that antimicrobial therapy may have a direct effect on the pathophysiology of invasive fungal infections in patients at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Departament of of Plant Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Raquel Colares de Andrade
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bruna Leite Mendes
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jônatas da Silva Franco
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pereira de Alencar
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jamille Alencar Sales
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lília Maria Carneiro Câmara
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cordeiro RDA, Weslley Caracas Cedro E, Raquel Colares Andrade A, Serpa R, José de Jesus Evangelista A, Sales de Oliveira J, Santos Pereira V, Pereira Alencar L, Bruna Leite Mendes P, Cibelle Soares Farias B, Maria Maciel Melo V, Pires de Camargo Z, de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco D, Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante R, Júlio Costa Sidrim J, Fábio Gadelha Rocha M. Inhibitory effect of a lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis on planktonic and sessile cells of Trichosporon spp. Biofouling 2018; 34:309-319. [PMID: 29560729 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1437617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of a bacterial biosurfactant (TIM96) on clinical strains of Trichosporon. Additionally, the effect of TIM96 on the ergosterol content, cell membrane integrity, and the hydrophobicity of planktonic cells was assessed. The inhibitory activity of TIM96 against Trichosporon biofilms was evaluated by analyzing metabolic activity, biomass and morphology. MIC values ranged from 78.125 to 312.5 μg ml-1 for TIM96; time-kill curves revealed that the decline in the number of fungal cells started after incubation for 6 h with TIM96 at both MIC and 2×MIC. The biosurfactant reduced the cellular ergosterol content and altered the membrane permeability and the surface hydrophobicity of planktonic cells. Incubation at 10×MIC TIM96 reduced cell adhesion by up to 96.89%, thus interfering with biofilm formation. This concentration also caused up to a 99.2% reduction in the metabolic activity of mature biofilms. The results indicate potential perspectives for the development of new antifungal strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rosana Serpa
- b Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lucas Pereira Alencar
- a Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | | | | | - Vânia Maria Maciel Melo
- c Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- d Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology , Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- a Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
- b Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- a Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- a Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
- e School of Veterinary , State University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cordeiro RDA, Serpa R, Mendes PBL, Evangelista AJDJ, Andrade ARC, Franco JDS, Pereira VDS, Alencar LPD, Oliveira JSD, Camargo ZPD, Lima Neto RGD, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. The HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor ritonavir impairs planktonic growth, biofilm formation and proteolytic activity in Trichosporon spp. Biofouling 2017; 33:640-650. [PMID: 28871863 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1350947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the protease inhibitor ritonavir (RIT) on Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon inkin. Susceptibility to RIT was assessed by the broth microdilution assay and the effect of RIT on protease activity was evaluated using azoalbumin as substrate. RIT was tested for its anti-biofilm properties and RIT-treated biofilms were assessed regarding protease activity, ultrastructure and matrix composition. In addition, antifungal susceptibility, surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation were evaluated after pre-incubation of planktonic cells with RIT for 15 days. RIT (200 μg ml-1) inhibited Trichosporon growth. RIT (100 μg ml-1) also reduced protease activity of planktonic and biofilm cells, decreased cell adhesion and biofilm formation, and altered the structure of the biofilm and the protein composition of the biofilm matrix. Pre-incubation with RIT (100 μg ml-1) increased the susceptibility to amphotericin B, and reduced surface hydrophobicity and cell adhesion. These results highlight the importance of proteases as promising therapeutic targets and reinforce the antifungal potential of protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosana Serpa
- a Medical Mycology Specialized Center , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- b Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology , Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Fabio Gadelha Rocha
- a Medical Mycology Specialized Center , Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
- d Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , State University of Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cordeiro RDA, Evangelista AJDJ, Serpa R, Marques FJDF, Melo CVSD, Oliveira JSD, Franco JDS, Alencar LPD, Bandeira TDJPG, Brilhante RSN, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 enhances the susceptibility to antifungals and reduces the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:309-317. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Francisca Jakelyne de Farias Marques
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Charlline Vládia Silva de Melo
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Pereira de Alencar
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences,State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Tereza de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Christus College – UNICHRISTUS,Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - Marcos Fébio Gadelha Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology,Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences,State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cordeiro RDA, Serpa R, Marques FJDF, de Melo CVS, Evangelista AJDJ, Mota VF, Brilhante RSN, Bandeira TDJPG, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Inhibitory activity of isoniazid and ethionamide against Cryptococcus biofilms. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:827-36. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the search for drugs to treat systemic and opportunistic mycoses has attracted great interest from the scientific community. This study evaluated the in vitro inhibitory effect of the antituberculosis drugs isoniazid and ethionamide alone and combined with itraconazole and fluconazole against biofilms of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Antimicrobials were tested at defined concentrations after susceptibility assays with Cryptococcus planktonic cells. In addition, we investigated the synergistic interaction of antituberculosis drugs and azole derivatives against Cryptococcus planktonic cells, as well as the influence of isoniazid and ethionamide on ergosterol content and cell membrane permeability. Isoniazid and ethionamide inhibited both biofilm formation and viability of mature biofilms. Combinations formed by antituberculosis drugs and azoles proved synergic against both planktonic and sessile cells, showing an ability to reduce Cryptococcus biofilms by approximately 50%. Furthermore, isoniazid and ethionamide reduced the content of ergosterol in Cryptococcus spp. planktonic cells and destabilized or permeabilized the fungal cell membrane, leading to leakage of macromolecules. Owing to the paucity of drugs able to inhibit Cryptococcus biofilms, we believe that the results presented here might be of interest in the designing of new antifungal compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valquíria Ferreira Mota
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tereza de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- School of Medicine – Christus College – UNICHRISTUS – Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Serpa R, Flávia Uchoa Alexandre C, de Farias Marques FJ, Vladia Silva de Melo C, da Silva Franco J, José de Jesus Evangelista A, Pires de Camargo Z, Samia Nogueira Brilhante R, Fabio Gadelha Rocha M, Luciano Bezerra Moreira J, de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira T, Júlio Costa Sidrim J. Trichosporon inkin biofilms produce extracellular proteases and exhibit resistance to antifungals. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1277-1286. [PMID: 26310576 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine experimental conditions for in vitro biofilm formation of clinical isolates of Trichosporon inkin, an important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Biofilms were formed in microtitre plates in three different media (RPMI, Sabouraud and CLED), with inocula of 104, 105 or 106 cells ml- 1, at pH 5.5 and 7.0, and at 35 and 28 °C, under static and shaking conditions for 72 h. Growth kinetics of biofilms were evaluated at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. Biofilm milieu analysis were assessed by counting viable cells and quantification of nucleic acids released into biofilm supernatants. Biofilms were also analysed for proteolytic activity and antifungal resistance against amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole. Finally, ultrastructural characterization of biofilms formed in microtitre plates and catheter disks was performed by scanning electron microscopy. Greater biofilm formation was observed with a starter inoculum of 106 cells ml- 1, at pH 7.0 at 35 °C and 80 r.p.m., in both RPMI and Sabouraud media. Growth kinetics showed an increase in both viable cells and biomass with increasing incubation time, with maximum production at 48 h. Biofilms were able to disperse viable cells and nucleic acids into the supernatant throughout the developmental cycle. T. inkin biofilms produced more protease than planktonic cells and showed high tolerance to amphotericin B, caspofungin and azole derivatives. Mature biofilms were formed by different morphotypes, such as blastoconidia, arthroconidia and hyphae, in a strain-specific manner. The present article details the multicellular lifestyle of T. inkin and provides perspectives for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Fabio Gadelha Rocha
- Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sá ERN, Medeiros CIS, Oliveira JRDMS, Evangelista AJDJ, Magalhães MIS, Filho GGDA, Paz AMRD, Pessôa HDLF. “<i>In Vitro</i>” Antibacterial Activity of the Hidroalcoholic Extract of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Barks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.412083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|