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Visker JR, Leszczynski EC, Wellette-Hunsucker AG, McPeek AC, Quinn MA, Kim SH, Bazil JN, Ferguson DP. Postnatal growth restriction alters myocardial mitochondrial energetics in mice. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:562-575. [PMID: 38180279 PMCID: PMC10984791 DOI: 10.1113/ep091304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Postnatal growth restriction (PGR) can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) potentially due to impairments in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) within cardiomyocyte mitochondria. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if PGR impairs cardiac metabolism, specifically OxPhos. FVB (Friend Virus B-type) mice were fed a normal-protein (NP: 20% protein), or low-protein (LP: 8% protein) isocaloric diet 2 weeks before mating. LP dams produce ∼20% less milk, and pups nursed by LP dams experience reduced growth into adulthood as compared to pups nursed by NP dams. At birth (PN1), pups born to dams fed the NP diet were transferred to LP dams (PGR group) or a different NP dam (control group: CON). At weaning (PN21), all mice were fed the NP diet. At PN22 and PN80, mitochondria were isolated for respirometry (oxygen consumption rate,J O 2 ${J_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ) and fluorimetry (reactive oxygen species emission,J H 2 O 2 ${J_{{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ) analysis measured as baseline respiration (LEAK) and with saturating ADP (OxPhos). Western blotting at PN22 and PN80 determined protein abundance of uncoupling protein 3, peroxiredoxin-6, voltage-dependent anion channel and adenine nucleotide translocator 1 to provide further insight into mitochondrial function. ANOVAs with the main effects of diet, sex and age with α-level of 0.05 was set a priori. Overall, PGR (7.8 ± 1.1) had significant (P = 0.01) reductions in respiratory control in complex I when compared to CON (8.9 ± 1.0). In general, our results show that PGR led to higher electron leakage in the form of free radical production and reactive oxygen species emission. No significant diet effects were found in protein abundance. The observed reduced respiratory control and increased ROS emission in PGR mice may increase risk for CVD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Visker
- The Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric C Leszczynski
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Austin G Wellette-Hunsucker
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashley C McPeek
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa A Quinn
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Seong Hyun Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David P Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Leszczynski EC, Schwartz NE, McPeek AC, Currie KD, Ferguson DP, Garland T. Selectively breeding for high voluntary physical activity in female mice does not bestow inherent characteristics that resemble eccentric remodeling of the heart, but the mini-muscle phenotype does. Sports Med Health Sci 2023; 5:205-212. [PMID: 37753423 PMCID: PMC10518799 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity engagement results in a variety of positive health outcomes, including a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk partially due to eccentric remodeling of the heart. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if four replicate lines of High Runner mice that have been selectively bred for voluntary exercise on wheels have a cardiac phenotype that resembles the outcome of eccentric remodeling. Adult females (average age 55 days) from the 4 High Runner and 4 non-selected control lines were anaesthetized via vaporized isoflurane, then echocardiographic images were collected and analyzed for structural and functional differences. High Runner mice in general had lower ejection fractions compared to control mice lines (2-tailed p = 0.023 6) and tended to have thicker walls of the anterior portion of the left ventricle (p = 0.065). However, a subset of the High Runner individuals, termed mini-muscle mice, had greater ejection fraction (p = 0.000 6), fractional shortening percentage (p < 0.000 1), and ventricular mass at dissection (p < 0.002 7 with body mass as a covariate) compared to non-mini muscle mice. Mice from replicate lines bred for high voluntary exercise did not all have inherent positive cardiac functional or structural characteristics, although a genetically unique subset of mini-muscle individuals did have greater functional cardiac characteristics, which in conjunction with their previously described peripheral aerobic enhancements (e.g., increased capillarity) would partially account for their increased V ˙ O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole E. Schwartz
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ashley C. McPeek
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - David P. Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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McPeek AC, Patton B, Columbus DA, Olver TD, Rodrigues LA, Sands JM, Weber LP, Ferguson DP. Low birth weight and reduced postnatal nutrition lead to cardiac dysfunction in piglets. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad364. [PMID: 37880833 PMCID: PMC10656296 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in humans and evidence suggests early life growth-restriction increases heart disease risk in adulthood. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of low birth weight (LBW) and postnatal restricted nutrition (RN) on cardiac function in neonatal pigs. We hypothesized that LBW and RN would reduce cardiac function in pigs but this effect would be reversed with refeeding. To investigate this hypothesis, pigs born weighing <1.5 kg were assigned LBW, and pigs born >1.5 kg were assigned normal birth weight (NBW). Half the LBW and NBW pigs underwent ~25% total nutrient restriction via intermittent suckling (assigned RN) for the first 4 wk post-farrowing. The other half of piglets were allowed unrestricted suckling access to the sow (assigned NN). At 28 d of age (weaning), pigs were weaned and provided ad libitum access to a standard diet. Echocardiographic, vascular ultrasound, and blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed on day 28 and again on day 56 to assess cardiovascular structure and function. A full factorial three-way ANOVA (NN vs. RN, LBW vs. NBW, male vs. female) was performed. Key findings include reduced diastolic BP (P = 0.0401) and passive ventricular filling (P = 0.0062) in RN pigs at 28 d but this was reversed after refeeding. LBW piglets have reduced cardiac output index (P = 0.0037) and diastolic and systolic wall thickness (P = 0.0293 and P = 0.0472) at 56 d. Therefore, cardiac dysfunction from RN is recovered with adequate refeeding while LBW programs irreversible cardiac dysfunction despite proper refeeding in neonatal pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C McPeek
- Department of Kinesiology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education, Research, and Practice, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98144, USA
| | - Breanna Patton
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Lucas A Rodrigues
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada
| | - Jade M Sands
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - David P Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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McPeek AC, Wellette-Hunsucker A, Quinn MA, Leszczynski E, Ferguson DP. Aerobic Exercise Reduces Cardiac Ca2+Handling Proteins In Postnatally Growth Restricted Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000876316.89933.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Quinn MA, Pritchard AE, Visker JR, McPeek AC, Raghuvanshi R, Martin H C, Wellette-Hunsucker AG, Leszczynski EC, McCabe LR, Pfeiffer KA, Quinn RA, Ferguson DP. Longitudinal effects of growth restriction on the murine gut microbiome and metabolome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E159-E170. [PMID: 35658543 PMCID: PMC9423779 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Undernutrition-induced growth restriction in the early stages of life increases the risk of chronic disease in adulthood. Although metabolic impairments have been observed, few studies have characterized the gut microbiome and gut-liver metabolome profiles of growth-restricted animals during early-to-mid-life development. To induce growth restriction, mouse offspring were either born to gestational undernutrition (GUN) or suckled from postnatal undernutrition (PUN) dams fed a protein-restricted diet (8% protein) or control diet (CON; 20% protein) until weaning at postnatal age of 21 days (PN21). At PN21, all mice were fed the CON diet until adulthood (PN80). Livers were collected at PN21 and PN80, and fecal samples were collected weekly starting at PN21 (postweaning week 1) until PN80 (postweaning week 5) for gut microbiome and metabolome analyses. PUN mice exhibited the most alterations in gut microbiome and gut and liver metabolome compared with CON mice. These mice had altered fecal microbial β-diversity (P = 0.001) and exhibited higher proportions of Bifidobacteriales [linear mixed model (LMM) P = 7.1 × 10-6), Clostridiales (P = 1.459 × 10-5), Erysipelotrichales (P = 0.0003), and lower Bacteroidales (P = 4.1 × 10-5)]. PUN liver and fecal metabolome had a reduced total bile acid pool (P < 0.01), as well as lower abundance of riboflavin (P = 0.003), amino acids [i.e., methionine (P = 0.0018), phenylalanine (P = 0.0015), and tyrosine (P = 0.0041)], and higher excreted total peptides (LMM P = 0.0064) compared with CON. Overall, protein restriction during lactation permanently alters the gut microbiome into adulthood. Although the liver bile acids, amino acids, and acyl-carnitines recovered, the fecal peptides and microbiome remained permanently altered into adulthood, indicating that inadequate protein intake in a specific time frame in early life can have an irreversible impact on the microbiome and fecal metabolome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Undernutrition-induced early-life growth restriction not only leads to increased disease risk but also permanently alters the gut microbiome and gut-liver metabolome during specific windows of early-life development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Quinn
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Abby E Pritchard
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Joseph R Visker
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ashley C McPeek
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ruma Raghuvanshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan
| | - Christian Martin H
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan
| | - Austin G Wellette-Hunsucker
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Eric C Leszczynski
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan
| | - Karin A Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert A Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan
| | - David P Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Ferguson DP, Leszczynski EC, McPeek AC, Pendergrast LA, Visker JR, Triplett AN. Physical Activity Engagement Worsens Health Outcomes and Limits Exercise Capacity in Growth-restricted Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1561-1571. [PMID: 34261989 PMCID: PMC10797723 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A total of 161 million children a year are growth restricted, leading to a 47% increased risk of chronic disease in adulthood. Physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of mortality from chronic disease. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of a PA intervention (wheel running) on cardiac and skeletal muscle capacities in gestational (GUN) and postnatal (PUN) growth-restricted mice as compared with nonrestricted controls (CON). METHODS A low-protein cross-fostering FVB mouse model was used to induce growth restriction during gestation and the first 21 d of postnatal life. Mouse pups were recovered on a healthy diet until mature and provided wheel access for 3 wk. At completion of the PA intervention, mice underwent maximal exercise testing on a treadmill, echocardiography, and skeletal muscle histology. RESULTS After the PA intervention, CON mice had a 45% improvement in maximal exercise capacity (P = 0.0390) because of cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptations, but GUN and PUN mice did not. Alarmingly, PUN female mice exposed to wheels had 11.45% lower left ventricular volume (P = 0.0540) and 18% lower left ventricle area (P = 0.0585), with blood flow velocities indicative of cardiac fibrosis (GUN had elevated isovolumetric contraction time P = 0.0374; GUN females and PUN males had longer isovolumetric relaxation time P = 0.0703). PUN male mice had mixed skeletal muscle responses with an oxidative shift in the diaphragm (P = 0.0162) but a glycolytic shift in the extensor digitorum longus (P = 0.0647). PUN female mice had a glycolytic shift in the soleus after wheel running. CONCLUSIONS Unexpectedly, growth-restricted mice were nonresponders to a PA intervention and displayed negative cardiac outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Ashley C McPeek
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | | | - Ashley N Triplett
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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McPeek AC, Wellette-Hunsucker AG, Triplett AN, Lord O, Clark W, Ferguson DP. Moderate Intensity Continuous Training versus High Intensity Interval Training in Growth Restricted Mice to Improve Cardiac Function: A Pilot Study. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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