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Olschewski S, Luckman A, Mason A, Ludvig EA, Konstantinidis E. The Future of Decisions From Experience: Connecting Real-World Decision Problems to Cognitive Processes. Perspect Psychol Sci 2024; 19:82-102. [PMID: 37390328 PMCID: PMC10790535 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231179138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In many important real-world decision domains, such as finance, the environment, and health, behavior is strongly influenced by experience. Renewed interest in studying this influence led to important advancements in the understanding of these decisions from experience (DfE) in the last 20 years. Building on this literature, we suggest ways the standard experimental design should be extended to better approach important real-world DfE. These extensions include, for example, introducing more complex choice situations, delaying feedback, and including social interactions. When acting upon experiences in these richer and more complicated environments, extensive cognitive processes go into making a decision. Therefore, we argue for integrating cognitive processes more explicitly into experimental research in DfE. These cognitive processes include attention to and perception of numeric and nonnumeric experiences, the influence of episodic and semantic memory, and the mental models involved in learning processes. Understanding these basic cognitive processes can advance the modeling, understanding and prediction of DfE in the laboratory and in the real world. We highlight the potential of experimental research in DfE for theory integration across the behavioral, decision, and cognitive sciences. Furthermore, this research could lead to new methodology that better informs decision-making and policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Olschewski
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick
| | - Ashley Luckman
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick
- University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter
| | - Alice Mason
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick
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Poon N, Luckman A, Isoni A, Mullett TL. A query theory account of the attraction effect. Cognition 2023; 238:105495. [PMID: 37269710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We provide novel support for Query Theory, a reason-based decision framework, extending it to multialternative choices and applying it to the classic phenomenon known as the attraction effect. In Experiment 1 (N = 261), we generalised the two key metrics used in Query Theory from binary to multialternative choices and found that reasons supporting the target option were generated earlier and in greater quantity than those supporting the competitor, as predicted by the theory. In Experiment 2 (N = 703), we investigated the causal relationships between reasoning and choices by exogenously manipulating the order in which participants generated their reasons. As predicted, the size of the attraction effect was a function of this query order manipulation. We also introduced a bidirectional reason coding protocol to measure the valence of reasons, which confirmed support for Query Theory. We suggest the Query Theory framework can be useful for studying the high-level deliberation processes behind multialternative choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo Poon
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashley Luckman
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Isoni
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Department of Economics and Business, University of Cagliari, Italy
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Ballard T, Luckman A, Konstantinidis E. A systematic investigation into the reliability of inter-temporal choice model parameters. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1294-1322. [PMID: 36877362 PMCID: PMC10482820 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades of work have been dedicated to developing and testing models that characterize how people make inter-temporal choices. Although parameter estimates from these models are often interpreted as indices of latent components of the choice process, little work has been done to examine their reliability. This is problematic because estimation error can bias conclusions that are drawn from these parameter estimates. We examine the reliability of parameter estimates from 11 prominent models of inter-temporal choice by (a) fitting each model to data from three previous experiments with designs representative of those typically used to study inter-temporal choice, (b) examining the consistency of parameters estimated for the same person based on different choice sets, and (c) conducting a parameter recovery analysis. We find generally low correlations between parameters estimated for the same person from the different choice sets. Moreover, parameter recovery varies considerably between models and the experimental designs upon which parameter estimates are based. We conclude that many parameter estimates reported in previous research are likely unreliable and provide recommendations on how to enhance the reliability of inter-temporal choice models for measurement purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ballard
- University of Queensland, School of Psychology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Luckman A, Zeitoun H, Isoni A, Loomes G, Vlaev I, Powdthavee N, Read D. Risk compensation during COVID-19: The impact of face mask usage on social distancing. J Exp Psychol Appl 2022; 27:722-738. [PMID: 35073133 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the spread of COVID-19, governments around the world have recommended or required minimum physical distancing between individuals, as well as either mandating or recommending the use of face coverings (masks) in certain circumstances. When multiple risk reduction activities can be adopted, people may engage in risk compensation by responding to a reduced (perceived) risk exposure due to one activity by increasing risk exposure due to another. We tested for risk compensation in two online experiments that investigated whether either wearing a mask or seeing others wearing masks reduced physical distancing. We presented participants with stylized images of everyday scenarios involving themselves with or without a mask and a stranger with or without a mask. For each scenario, participants indicated the minimum distance they would keep from the stranger. In line with risk compensation, we found that participants indicated they would stand, sit, or walk closer to the stranger if either of them was wearing a mask. This form of risk compensation was stronger for those who believed masks were effective at preventing catching or spreading COVID-19, and for younger (18-40 years) compared to older (over 65 years) participants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ivo Vlaev
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick
| | | | - Daniel Read
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick
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Abstract
Risky intertemporal choices involve choosing between options that can differ in outcomes, their probability of receipt, and the delay until receipt. To date, there has been no attempt to systematically test, compare, and evaluate theoretical models of such choices. We contribute to theory development by generating predictions from 7 models for 3 common manipulations-magnitude, certainty, and immediacy-across 6 different types of risky intertemporal choices. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of model predictions to data from an experiment involving almost 4,000 individual choices revealed that an attribute comparison-model, newly modified to incorporate risky intertemporal choices, (the risky intertemporal choice heuristic or RITCH) provided the best account of the data. Results are consistent with growing evidence in support of attribute comparison models in the risky and intertemporal choice literatures, and suggest that the relatively poorer fits of translation-based models reflect their inability to predict the differential impact of certainty and immediacy manipulations. Future theories of risky intertemporal choice may benefit from treating risk and time as independent dimensions, and focusing on attribute-comparison rather than value-comparison processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Donkin
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales
| | - Ben R Newell
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales
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Young TJ, Christoffersen P, Doyle SH, Nicholls KW, Stewart CL, Hubbard B, Hubbard A, Lok LB, Brennan PV, Benn DI, Luckman A, Bougamont M. Physical Conditions of Fast Glacier Flow: 3. Seasonally-Evolving Ice Deformation on Store Glacier, West Greenland. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 2019; 124:245-267. [PMID: 31007992 PMCID: PMC6472443 DOI: 10.1029/2018jf004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variations in ice sheet flow directly impact the internal structure within ice sheets through englacial deformation. Large-scale changes in the vertical stratigraphy within ice sheets have been previously conducted on centennial to millennial timescales; however, intra-annual changes in the morphology of internal layers have yet to be explored. Over a period of 2 years, we use autonomous phase-sensitive radio-echo sounding to track the daily displacement of internal layers on Store Glacier, West Greenland, to millimeter accuracy. At a site located ∼30 km from the calving terminus, where the ice is ∼600 m thick and flows at ∼700 m/a, we measure distinct seasonal variations in vertical velocities and vertical strain rates over a 2-year period. Prior to the melt season (March-June), we observe increasingly nonlinear englacial deformation with negative vertical strain rates (i.e., strain thinning) in the upper half of the ice column of approximately -0.03 a-1, whereas the ice below thickens under vertical strain reaching up to +0.16 a-1. Early in the melt season (June-July), vertical thinning gradually ceases as the glacier increasingly thickens. During late summer to midwinter (August-February), vertical thickening occurs linearly throughout the entire ice column, with strain rates averaging 0.016 a-1. We show that these complex variations are unrelated to topographic setting and localized basal slip and hypothesize that this seasonality is driven by far-field perturbations in the glacier's force balance, in this case generated by variations in basal hydrology near the glacier's terminus and propagated tens of kilometers upstream through transient basal lubrication longitudinal coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Young
- Scott Polar Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environmental Research CouncilCambridgeUK
| | | | - S. H. Doyle
- Centre for Glaciology, Department of Geography & Earth SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - K. W. Nicholls
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environmental Research CouncilCambridgeUK
| | - C. L. Stewart
- Scott Polar Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - B. Hubbard
- Centre for Glaciology, Department of Geography & Earth SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - A. Hubbard
- Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of GeologyArctic University of NorwayNorway
| | - L. B. Lok
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - P. V. Brennan
- Department of Electronic & Electrical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. I. Benn
- School of Geography & Sustainable DevelopmentUniversity of St. AndrewsSt. AndrewsUK
| | - A. Luckman
- Department of GeographySwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - M. Bougamont
- Scott Polar Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Luckman A, Donkin C, Newell BR. People Wait Longer when the Alternative is Risky: The Relation Between Preferences in Risky and Inter‐temporal Choice. J Behav Dec Making 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Luckman
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - Chris Donkin
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - Ben R. Newell
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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Cook AJ, Holland PR, Meredith MP, Murray T, Luckman A, Vaughan DG. Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science 2016; 353:283-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aae0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Cook
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - P. R. Holland
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - M. P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - T. Murray
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A. Luckman
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D. G. Vaughan
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
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Murray T, Scharrer K, James TD, Dye SR, Hanna E, Booth AD, Selmes N, Luckman A, Hughes ALC, Cook S, Huybrechts P. Ocean regulation hypothesis for glacier dynamics in southeast Greenland and implications for ice sheet mass changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jf001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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