Effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease: a prespecified secondary analysis from the empa-kidney trial

BACKGROUND

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce progression of chronic kidney disease and the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a wide range of patients. However, their effects on kidney disease progression in some patients with chronic kidney disease are unclear because few clinical kidney outcomes occurred among such patients in the completed trials. In particular, some guidelines stratify their level of recommendation about who should be treated with SGLT2 inhibitors based on diabetes status and albuminuria. We aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease both overall and among specific types of participants in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial.

METHODS

EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA), and included individuals aged 18 years or older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or with an eGFR of 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher. We explored the effects of 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily versus placebo on the annualised rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR slope), a tertiary outcome. We studied the acute slope (from randomisation to 2 months) and chronic slope (from 2 months onwards) separately, using shared parameter models to estimate the latter. Analyses were done in all randomly assigned participants by intention to treat. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110.

FINDINGS

Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and then followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroups of eGFR included 2282 (34·5%) participants with an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1·73 m2, 2928 (44·3%) with an eGFR of 30 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, and 1399 (21·2%) with an eGFR 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or higher. Prespecified subgroups of uACR included 1328 (20·1%) with a uACR of less than 30 mg/g, 1864 (28·2%) with a uACR of 30 to 300 mg/g, and 3417 (51·7%) with a uACR of more than 300 mg/g. Overall, allocation to empagliflozin caused an acute 2·12 mL/min per 1·73 m2 (95% CI 1·83-2·41) reduction in eGFR, equivalent to a 6% (5-6) dip in the first 2 months. After this, it halved the chronic slope from -2·75 to -1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (relative difference 50%, 95% CI 42-58). The absolute and relative benefits of empagliflozin on the magnitude of the chronic slope varied significantly depending on diabetes status and baseline levels of eGFR and uACR. In particular, the absolute difference in chronic slopes was lower in patients with lower baseline uACR, but because this group progressed more slowly than those with higher uACR, this translated to a larger relative difference in chronic slopes in this group (86% [36-136] reduction in the chronic slope among those with baseline uACR <30 mg/g compared with a 29% [19-38] reduction for those with baseline uACR ≥2000 mg/g; ptrend<0·0001).

INTERPRETATION

Empagliflozin slowed the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease among all types of participant in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial, including those with little albuminuria. Albuminuria alone should not be used to determine whether to treat with an SGLT2 inhibitor.

FUNDING

Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly.

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

BACKGROUND

The EMPA-KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population.

METHODS

EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110.

FINDINGS

Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62-0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16-1·59), representing a 50% (42-58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1).

INTERPRETATION

In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease.

FUNDING

Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council.

A SEER Database Cohort of 547 Patients with Non-Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Little research has investigated the prevalence and distribution of the diverse pathologies of non-squamous cell carcinoma (non-SCC) of the penis. Although rare in clinical practice, these cancers have become a focus of greater importance among patients, clinicians, and researchers, particularly in developing countries. The principal objective of this study was to analyze the major types of penile non-squamous cell carcinoma, elucidate common treatment pathways, and highlight outcomes including 5-year survival.

MATERIALS/METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was queried between 2000 to 2018 to identify a retrospective cohort of patients with penile non-SCC. Demographic information, cancer characteristics, diagnostic methods, treatments administered, and survival were investigated.

RESULTS

A total of 547 cases of penile non-SCC were included in the analysis. The most prevalent non-SCC cancers included epithelial neoplasms, not otherwise specified (15.4%), unspecified neoplasms (15.2%), basal cell neoplasms (13.9%), blood vessel tumors (13.0%), nevi and melanomas (11.7%), and ductal and lobular neoplasms (9.9%). Data for the nine most prevalent neoplasms are included in Table 1. Over half (56.7%) of patients elected to undergo surgical intervention. Patients rarely received systemic therapy (3.8%) or radiation (4.0%). Five-year survival was 35.5%. Median survival was 5.2 years (62.7 months). Patients who underwent surgery had greater annual survival for 0 to 10 years compared to those who did not have surgery. Significant differences in survival were found between patients who had regional, localized, and distant metastases (p<0.05). A significant difference in survival was found for patients married at diagnosis versus those who were unmarried at diagnosis (p<0.05). Lower survival rates were observed for patients older than 70 years.

CONCLUSION

Although less prevalent than squamous cell carcinoma, penile non-SCC encompasses a diverse set of neoplasms. Patients in this cohort had a high utilization of surgical management leading to superior outcomes compared to those not receiving surgery. Radiation is an uncommonly pursued treatment pathway. Patient demographics and socioeconomic variables such as marital status may be valuable when investigating cancer outcomes. This updated database analysis can help inform diagnosis, management, and clinical outcomes for this rare group of malignancies.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: Analysis of Treatments and Outcomes

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare disease composing 2-5% of all bladder cancers. Currently, no consensus exists regarding treatment recommendations for this rare malignancy, although established regimens include various permutations of chemotherapy, radiation, laser treatments, immunotherapies, and surgeries, ranging from pelvic exenteration to local excision. The present study aims to analyze outcomes of the aforementioned treatments to guide clinical decision-making for patients with the disease.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Patients with bladder SCC diagnosed between 2000 and 2018 were reviewed utilizing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry (SEER) program. Data was analyzed using SPSS and Python. Examined variables included presence of metastases at diagnosis, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy reception. Five-year overall survival (OS) curves were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier probability stratified by treatment modality.

RESULTS

A total of 5,635 patients with bladder SCC were identified; the most abundantly reported demographics were white race (86%), patient age > 70 years (61%), and male sex (63%). Median survival was 13 months and was significantly decreased in patients treated with chemotherapy or radiation (median survival of nine months or 12 months, respectively). Patients treated with radiation and surgery saw a decreased 10-year survival rate of about 10% if no chemotherapy was administered; this difference narrowed to about a 4% decrease in patients treated with chemotherapy. All radical surgical procedures (to include partial and total cystectomy, and total and posterior exenteration) resulted in a statistically significant increase in survival, except for patients that underwent radical cystectomy including anterior exenteration (p = 0.101). Patients that underwent surgery saw an increased median survival of 15 months. Heatmap analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between tumor size and distant metastases (r = 0.898). Preliminary unsupervised cluster analysis identified two distinct patient subgroups characterized most strongly by race and treatment modality used.

CONCLUSION

Bladder SCC carries a high mortality burden, with a median survival time of 13 months after diagnosis. Based on this study's analysis, radical surgery may be the most effective treatment for this disease. This study also sets a precedent for future research, as more advanced machine learning methods (including cluster and binary tree analysis, as was done in this analysis) can be used to identify the most explanatory variables related to improved patient outcomes.

Germination of shrub species from Chinese subtropical forests: implications for restoration

Incorporating native shrubs into restoration projects can improve biodiversity conservation and enhance the sustainability of ecosystem functions. Shrubs grow under different forest canopy structures, having varied microclimatic conditions according to forest type and composition. Currently, there is a lack of information on propagation from seed and planting material availability for the utilization of shrubs in forest restoration. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of temperature and light on germination of ten shrub species (Ardisia japonica, Callicarpa cathayana, Callicarpa giraldii var. subcanescens, Deutzia schneideriana, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Hydrangea chinensis, Maesa japonica, Rhododendron simsii, Spiraea japonica var. fortunei and Weigela japonica var. sinica) occurring in subtropical forests in China. No seeds of any species germinated in the coolest thermal regime (5/10 °C), while optimal temperature requirements varied from 10/20 °C to 25/35 °C. Seeds of small-seeded species had higher germination percentages in the light treatments, while larger seeds were not photoblastic. There was no relationship between germination in the light and the seed shape index. Our results may assist in identification of seed traits and suitable shrub species for restoration in specific forest types, thus aiding native forest recovery of structure and composition. Successful recovery leads to enhanced biodiversity, reestablishment of microhabitats and ecological interactions in the forest understorey.

Landscape Analysis of Public Health Jobs in India to Develop an Evidence-Based Public Health Curriculum

The increase in communicable and non-communicable disease incidence and prevalence, changing population demographics, along with concerns about pandemics, natural disasters, and wars, have highlighted the challenges faced by health systems. The study aims to identify data on publicly posted public health jobs available to applicants eligible to work in India to identify the public health and allied fields workforce needs, skills, and expertise in India. A cross-sectional study was done in June-July 2021. The data was collected from eleven common job portals in India. Descriptive and content analysis was done to identify the most common job titles, educational level preferred/desired, skills, and experience required in the public health jobs in India. In total 382 unique public health and related fields jobs were analyzed. Job postings were most commonly classified as manager (n = 68), officer/lead (n = 61), analyst (n = 49), and consultant (n = 44). Around one-fifth of the jobs were based in Delhi (n = 98, 24%). About a quarter of the job postings required more than 8 years of experience (26%, n = 100). More than half of the job postings mentioned having the knowledge and understanding of data analysis and statistical approaches (n = 116, 64%). Around 15% (n = 193) of the job posting wanted the candidate to have expertise in communication. Skills were classified into various types such as software, technical, and language. Timely assessment of the curriculum should be done to impart skills related to the needs of the employers and prepare a skilled and competent public health workforce to address the 21st century public health challenges.

The current state of public health education in India: A scoping review

With the creation of public health management cadre in the state, district, and block levels of India, there is a need for a comprehensive, synergistic education system to ensure efficient public health across the country. This scoping review, therefore, aims to examine the characteristics of public health education programs available in India's varied geographical and regional contexts. It examines 16 program-related descriptors across public health Doctoral, Masters, Bachelors, Post-graduate Diploma, and Diploma education programs offered. Data was retrieved through institutional websites. Results of our analysis showed 84 unique institutions in 20 states and 3 UTs currently offering 116 public health programs across India's 28 states and 8 UTs. Private and public institutes were 65% (n = 75) and 35% (n = 41) respectfully. The majority of universities mainly provided Masters of Public Health (n = 73, 63%) programs followed by Postgraduate Diploma (PGD) and Diploma (n = 17, 15%), BPHSc (n = 14, 12%), and Ph.D. (n = 12, 10%). The majority of Ph.D. programs in public health are offered in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Haryana, while Masters in Public Health programs are offered highest in Karnataka, Bachelors in Public Health programs in Rajasthan, Post Graduate Diploma in Public Health program in Delhi, and Tamil Nadu had the most number of Diploma in Public Health programs. Thirty-one percent (n = 36) of the public health programs are offered across the south, 28% (n = 32) across the north, and 22% (n = 26) across the west Analyzed descriptors provide comprehensive information on program characteristics, mainly admission, format, and tuition fee. The review offers five suggestions to improve collaborative public health education and prepare a workforce with the skills, knowledge, and expertise to respond to the twentyfirst century's public health threats and challenges in India.

Absence of atrial fibrillation in the blanking period following cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation – does it always portend a good prognosis?

Background

Cryoballoon (CB) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an accepted method for ablation in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (PAF, PeAF). Freedom from AF in the blanking period (BP), conventionally defined as the first 3-months post-PVI, has been associated with the best long-term outcomes. However, the influence of antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) during the BP on long-term outcomes is not well understood.

Objective

To compare long-term outcomes between patients who were and were not on an AAD prior to ablation and remained free from AF during the 3-month BP post CB PVI.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive AF patients undergoing CB PVI; all pts had an implantable loop recorder (ILR). No patient had any AF in the first 90 days post CB PVI. We divided the patients into three groups: (1) never had exposure to an AAD; (2) were intolerant to/failed AAD and thus were not taking an AAD at time of ablation; and (3) were on AAD at time of ablation. In the latter group, every effort was made to stop the AAD before the end of the BP.

Results

The cohort included 96 pts (66±10 years; 60 [63%] male; 55 [57%] PAF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.5±1.4). There were 23 (24%) patients in group 1, 13 (14%) patients in group 2, and 60 (63%) pts in group 3. Patients in group 3 were more likely to have PeAF; AADs were stopped at a median of 36 days IQR (27, 91) in this group. Patients were followed for 1-year during which time 28 (29%) patients had recurrent AF (despite having no AF during the BP). The best outcome was seen in patients who never used an AAD; the worst outcome was seen in patients who were on an AAD at time of ablation (Figure 1).

Conclusion

Our data show that absence of AF during a 3-month post CB PVI BP alone does not guarantee good-long term outcome, unless the patient was never treated with an AAD. In contrast, in patients ablated while taking an AAD, recurrent AF was observed in 37% even though they were completely AF-free during the BP.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Recurrence of atrial fibrillation following pulmonary vein isolation: impact of body mass index on one- and three-year outcomes

Background

Cryoballoon (CB) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an accepted method for ablation in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (PAF, PeAF). However, there are a paucity of data about the impact of body mass index (BMI) on one-year and longer-term outcomes following ablation.

Objective

To objectively understand the impact of BMI on outcomes following CB PVI.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive AF patients undergoing CB PVI; all patients had an implantable loop recorder (ILR), which transmitted data wirelessly daily. We assessed AF recurrences after excluding an initial 3-month post-ablation blanking period.

Results

The cohort included 222 pts (66±9 years; 143 [64%] male; 120 [54%] PAF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.6±1.6). The mean BMI was 30±5. Patients were followed for 763±347 days, during which time 50% and 68% had recurrent AF 1- and 3-years post ablation. We divided the cohort based on the mean BMI into 2 groups: BMI &lt;30 and BMI &gt;30. Heavier patients were younger and more likely to have PeAF. Over 1-year of follow-up, patients with a BMI &lt;30 had similar likelihood of being free of AF to patients with a BMI &gt;30 (46% vs, 56%, p=0.0.097, Figure 1, left). However, as patients were followed for 3-years, freedom from AF was significantly higher in patients with a BMI &lt;30 (59% vs. 81% in BMI &gt;30, p=0.002, Figure 1, right).

Conclusions

Our data show that although patients had similar outcomes 1-year post-ablation, during longer-term follow-up patients with a BMI &gt;30 had a much worse outcome. Our study uniquely offers objective (using an ILR) assessment of the impact of BMI on long-term outcomes following CB PVI (homogenous ablation strategy). These data highlight the need to identify strategies to improve outcomes in obese patients.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

A cross sectional study to examine factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy and refusal in urban and rural settings in Tamil Nadu, India

The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic left the Indian healthcare system overwhelmed. The severity of a third wave will depend on the success of the vaccination drive; however, even with a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, hesitancy can be an obstacle to achieving high levels of coverage. Our study aims to estimate the population's acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in an Indian district. A pilot community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March-May 2021. The data was collected from eight primary health centres in Tamil Nadu. The eligible study participants were interviewed using a self-constructed questionnaire. A total of 3,130 individuals responded to the survey. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Results of our study showed that 46% percent (n = 1432) of the respondents would accept the COVID-19 vaccine if available. Acceptance for the COVID-19 vaccine was higher among males (54%), individuals aged 18-24years (62%), those with higher education (77%), having the higher income (73%), and employed (51%). Individuals with no education (OR: 2.799, 95% CI = 1.103-7.108), and low income (OR: OR: 10.299, 95% CI: 4.879-21.741), were significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy (p < 0.05). Living in urban residence (OR: 0.699, 95% CI = 0.55-0.888) and age between 18 to 25 years (OR: 0.549, 95% CI = 0.309-0.977) were protective factor of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. While individuals in the age group 25-54years (OR = 1.601, 95%CI = 1.086-2.359), fewer education (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 2.448-9.412,), low income (OR = 2.628, 95% CI = 1.777-3.887) and unemployment (OR = 1.351, 95% CI = 1.06-1.722) had high odds of refusing the COVID-19 vaccine. Concerns and suspicions about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine (63%) was the major reasons causing hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine The public health authorities and government need to design, develop and implement targeted interventions to enhance awareness about COVID-19 vaccines, and barriers and enablers to vaccine acceptance among individuals across diverse settings. Emphasis on involving local and religious leaders, ASHA workers, community healthcare workers, Anganwadi workers, and auxiliary nurse midwives can help to overcome context-specific barriers in areas of low COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, especially in rural settings.

The impact of atrial fibrillation burden early post cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation on long-term freedom from recurrent atrial fibrillation

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. A three-month blanking period (BP) is commonly used in clinical trials and practice. Early recurrence of AF portends worse ablation long-term outcome; however, the utility of using AF burden (AFB) early post cryoballoon (CB) PVI to predict long-term outcome is unknown.

Purpose

To determine, using ECG data acquired by an implantable loop recorder (ILR), the relationship between post-ablation AFB and long-term freedom from AF.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive patients with AF who had CB PVI and an ILR. We determined the monthly AFB for the first 3 months post CB PVI and assessed the relationship between AFB and 1-year freedom from AF. We defined 4 distinct AFB groups: (1) 0%, (2) &gt; 0-0.1%, (3) &gt; 0.1-0.5%, and (4) &gt; 0.5%.

Results

There were 210 patients (66 ± 9 years; 138 [66%] male; 116 [55%] paroxysmal AF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.5 ± 1.6). Following a 3-month BP, 101 (48%) patients had a recurrence of AF at 160 ± 86 days post-ablation. An AFB of &gt; 0% over the first 3 months predicted AF recurrence (p &lt; 0.0001, Figure 1). Patients with &gt; 0.5% AF burden after 1st month and any AF after 2nd month post CB PVI have a very high long-term AF recurrence rate (Figure 2).

Conclusion

The best long term outcome post CB PVI is seen in pts who have no AF in the first 3 months post ablation. An AFB &gt;0.5% after the first month and any AF after the second month portend ablation failure. These data define a clinical utility of using AFB to risk stratify patients post CB PVI.

Yearly incidence and pattern of very late recurrence of atrial fibrillation as detected by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring using an implantable loop recorder

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

A very late recurrence (VLR) of atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered present when patients have their first recurrence of AF &gt; 12 months post-ablation. Little is known about the yearly rates and patterns of VLR AF recurrence.

Objective

To assess the yearly incidence and pattern of VLR in pts with AF who underwent cryoballoon (CB) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI).

Methods

We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with AF who underwent CB PVI and had an implantable loop recorder (ILR) inserted up to 3 months post-ablation. Patients were followed for recurrent AF (excluding a 3-month post-ablation blanking period).

Results

Our cohort included 222 patients (66 ± 9 years; 143 [64%] male; 120 [54%] paroxysmal AF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.6 ± 1.6). At 1-year, 111 (50%) patients remained free of AF. Two-year follow-up was available in 95 of these patients; 62 (65%) remained in sinus. Three-year follow-up was available in 42 of these patients; 36 (86%) remained in sinus (Figure). Of the 39 patients who developed AF after initially being free of AF for at least 1-year post ablation, 24 (62%) patients had either a frequent or persistent pattern of AF.

Conclusions

Our data show that the greatest likelihood of failure following a CB PVI occurs in the first year of ablation. The rate of failure becomes lower year by year. These data suggest that long term outcome may be driven more by the initial ablation as opposed to progressive evolution of the patient’s substrate

Is there clinical utility to replacement of an implantable loop recorder in patients who have previously undergone cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation?

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Implantable loop recorders (ILRs) are used for long-term ECG monitoring following catheter ablation in patients (pts) with atrial fibrillation (AF) to guide clinical management. However, little is known about what do when the ILR reaches end of service (EOS).

Purpose

To identify pts who underwent replacement of their ILR and determine the diagnostic yield and clinical utility of the replacement device.

Methods

We enrolled 222 consecutive pts with AF who underwent cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (CB PVI) and had an ILR. We identified pts who subsequently underwent ILR replacement. The diagnostic and clinical utility of the newly replaced ILR was determined.

Results

The cohort included 56 pts (64 + 9 years; 35 [63%] male; 27 [48%] PAF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.3 ± 1.5) in whom the initial ILR reached EOS. They were followed for 3.7 ± 2.1 years. Recurrent AF was observed in 41 (73%) of these pts; this triggered an intervention in 17 (41%) pts (Figure). Of the other 15 (27%) pts without any documented AF, anticoagulation was withheld in 13 [87%] pts. Following ILR replacement, 33 (80%) of the 41 pts had more AF (n=11 [33%] required an intervention) and 5 additional pts had AF for the first time.

Conclusions

Our data show that after CB PVI, ILRs help guide decisions regarding rhythm management and oral anticoagulation. When the initial ILR was replaced by a second ILR, AF was detected (often for the first time) in some patients; the findings were used to guide clinical decision making in the entire cohort. Thus, at this time, it remains undefined when ECG monitoring of these pts can be stopped because it is no longer clinical meaningful.

An International Registry of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Appendiceal Goblet Cell Carcinoma Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

PURPOSE

Peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal goblet cell carcinoma (A-GCC) is a rare and aggressive form of appendiceal tumor. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intra peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) was reported as an interesting alternative regarding survival compared to surgery without HIPEC and/or systemic chemotherapy. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of CRS and HIPEC for patients presenting A-GCC through an international registry.

METHODS

A prospective multicenter international database was retrospectively searched to identify all patients with A-GCC tumor and peritoneal metastases who underwent CRS and HIPEC through the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI). The post-operative complications, long-term results, and principal prognostic factors were analyzed.

RESULTS

The analysis included 83 patients. After a median follow-up of 47 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 34.6 months. The 3- and 5-year OS was 48.5% and 35.7%, respectively. Patients who underwent complete macroscopic CRS had a significantly better survival than those treated with incomplete CRS. The 5-year OS was 44% and 0% for patients who underwent complete, and incomplete CRS, respectively (HR 9.65, p < 0.001). Lymph node involvement and preoperative chemotherapy were also predictive of a worse prognosis. There were 3 postoperative deaths, and 30% of the patients had major complications.

CONCLUSION

CRS and HIPEC may increase long-term survival in selected patients with peritoneal metastases of A-GCC origin, especially when complete CRS is achieved. Ideally, randomized control trials or more retrospective data are needed to confirm CRS and HIPEC as the gold standard in this pathology.

Defining the optimal blanking period duration after cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation who have never been treated with an antiarrhythmic drug

Background

Cryoballoon (CB) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an approved method for ablation in patients with paroxysmal (PAF) or persistent (PeAF) atrial fibrillation (AF). Although the first 90 days post-ablation are considered within the blanking period (BP), the optimal duration of the BP remains undefined.

Purpose

To objectively define the BP duration in pts undergoing CB PVI by evaluating a cohort never treated with an antiarrhythmic drug (AAD).

Methods

We enrolled consecutive pts with either PAF or PeAF who underwent initial CB PVI; all pts had an implantable loop recorder (ILR) for long-term ECG monitoring. No pt received an AAD either before or after ablation. We determined the time to last AF episode within the first 90 days of ablation. We then correlated this to the likelihood a patient had recurrent AF between 91 and 365 days of ablation.

Results

There were 45 pts (67±8 years; 26 [58%] male; 40 [89%] PAF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.6±1.3). We defined 4 distinct groups post ablation based on whether or not they had AF in the BP: (1) no AF days 0–90 (n=19 [42%]), (2) last AF days 0–30 (n=11 [24%]), (3) last AF days 31–60 (n=3 [7%]), and (4) last AF days 61–90 (n=12 [27%]). After the 90-day BP, 15 (33%) pts had AF recurrence. Pts with no AF and those with AF only within 30 days of ablation had similar long-term outcome; however, recurrent AF more than 32 days after ablation predicted long-term ablation failure (Figure).

Conclusion

The post CB PVI blanking period is just a month. AF recurrences beyond a month in patients not on an AAD are associated with AF recurrence in the majority of pts.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Blanking Group by AF Recurrence

Is the optimal blanking period duration after cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation impacted by use of antiarrhythmic drugs?

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (CB) is an accepted method for ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). A three-month blanking period (BP) is commonly used in clinical trials and practice. However, when the optimal BP duration differs in patients (pts) on or off an antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) at time of ablation remains undefined.

Objective

To compare the BP duration in pts undergoing CB while either taking or not taking an AAD.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive pts with AF who had CB PVI while on an AAD. All pts had an implantable loop recorder (ILR). We prospectively followed all pts and determined the time to last AF episode during the 90-day post-PVI BP. This was then correlated with likelihood of having an AF recurrence between 3-12 months post-PVI.

Results

The cohort included 164 pts (66 ± 9 years; 97 [60%] male; 90 [55%] PAF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.7 ± 1.7). Ablation was performed with 92 (56%) pts taking an AAD, which was stopped at a median of 80 [36, 105] days post-PVI. We defined 4 distinct groups: (1) no AF in 90-day BP (n = 75 [46%]); (2) last AF within 30 days of PVI (n = 32 [20%]); (3) last AF within 60 days of PVI (n = 17 [10%]); and (4) last AF within 90 days of PVI (n = 40 [24%]). Following the 90-day BP, 81 (49%) pts had a recurrence of AF. Long-term freedom from recurrent AF was similar in pts who did and did not use an AAD, irrespective of BP duration (Figure).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the optimal BP duration in AF patients undergoing CB PVI while taking an AAD is 30 days. An AF recurrence after 30 days is associated with a very high likelihood of recurrent AF during longer-term follow-up, irrespective of whether an AAD is being used or not. Abstract Figure.

Defining the blanking period duration after cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation in patients taking an antiarrhythmic drug

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (CB) is an accepted method for ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). A three-month blanking period (BP) is commonly used in clinical trials and practice. However, the actual BP duration in patients (pts) on an antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) at time of ablation remains undefined.

Objective

To objectively define the BP duration in pts undergoing CB while taking an AAD.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive pts with AF who had CB PVI while on an AAD. All pts had an implantable loop recorder (ILR). We prospectively followed all pts and determined the time to last AF episode during the 90-day post-PVI BP. This was then correlated with likelihood of having an AF recurrence between 3-12 months post-PVI.

Results

The cohort included 92 pts (66 ± 10 years; 62 [67%] male; 33 [36%] PAF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.6 ± 1.7). AADs used included dofetilide (42), dronedarone (14), amiodarone (25), sotalol and propafenone (3 each), and flecainide (5). The AAD was stopped at a median of 80 [36, 105] days post-PVI.  We defined 4 distinct groups: (1) no AF in 90-day BP (n = 45 [49%]); (2) last AF within 30 days of PVI (n = 17 [18%]); (3) last AF within 60 days of PVI (n = 13 [15%]); and (4) last AF within 90 days of PVI (n = 17 [18%]). Following the 90-day BP, 47 (51%) pts had a recurrence of AF. Once recurrent AF was observed &gt; 30 days post-ablation, patients had high likelihood of having a long term AF recurrence (p = 0.037, Figure).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the optimal BP duration in AF patients undergoing CB PVI while taking an AAD is 30 days. An AF recurrence after 30 days is associated with a very high likelihood of recurrent AF during longer-term follow-up. Abstract Figure.

Tracking COVID-19 burden in India: A review using SMAART RAPID tracker

OBJECTIVE

India has seen a rapid rise in COVID-19 cases. Examine spatiotemporal variation of COVID-19 burden Tracker across Indian states and union territories using SMAART RAPID Tracker.

METHOD

We used SMAART RAPID Tracker to visually display COVID-19 spread in space and time across various states and UTs of India. Data gathered from publicly available government information sources. Data analysis on COVID-19 conducted from March 1 2020 to October 1 2020. Variables recorded include COVID-19 cases and fatality, 7-day average change, recovery rate, labs and tests. Spatial and temporal trends of COVID-19 spread across Indian states and UTs is presented.

RESULT

The total number of COVID-19 cases were 63, 12,584 and total fatality was 86,821 (October 1 2020). More than 85,000 new cases of COVID-19 were reported. There were 1,867 total COVID-19 labs throughout India. More than half of them were Government labs. The total number of COVID-19 tests was 76,717,728 and total recovered COVID-19 cases was 5,273,201. Results show an overall decline in the 7-day average change of new COVID-19 cases and new COVID-19 fatality. States such as Maharashtra, Chandigarh, Puducherry, Goa, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh continue to have high COVID-19 infectivity rate.

DISCUSSION

Findings highlight need for both national guidelines combined with state specific recommendations to help manage the spread of COVD-19.

CONCLUSION

The heterogeneity represented in India in terms of its geography and various population groups highlight the need of state specific approach to monitor and combat the ongoing pandemic. This would further facilitate the tailored approach for each state to mitigate and contain the spread of the disease.

A pilot evaluation of Swasthya Pahal program using SMAART informatics framework to support NCD self-management

BACKGROUND

Empirical research acknowledges the capability of mHealth and eHealth interventions for ensuring high-quality and tailored healthcare to individuals. People living with various health conditions get access to a wide range of healthcare services through digital interventions. The aim of the study is to examine the usefulness of Swasthya Pahal, a community-based Health for all program, aimed to enhance screening and self-management of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity among police personnel.

METHODS

A convenient sample of 64 individuals aged 18 years and above present at the Police Sanchar Training Centre, Dehradun, Uttarakhand were enrolled over 2 days in January 2020. The Swasthya Pahal pilot program was approved by the Uttarakhand State Police authorities. Individuals' health data was recorded using an interactive, bi-lingual, touch screen, computer-based program. Subjective data was collected and self-reported information was gathered about (I) socio-demographics, (II) health behaviors, (III) clinical status, and (IV) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP). Objective data assessments included measurements such as weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels using a series of physiological sensors. Additional information gathered at 1 month follow up included modifications that individuals made in their self-management of diabetes and hypertension, diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Information was gathered related to individuals' interest in receiving SMS based health messages.

RESULTS

The average age of study participants was 37 (SD =8) years, 88% were males, and 42% had graduate education. Hypertension (31%) was found to be the most common family history. Thirty-six percent of individuals were presently smokers or consumed alcohol. Sixty-two percent of them self-reported doing some form of exercise. Walking, jogging and yoga were the most common exercise types. Eighty-seven percent of them were not receiving any treatment to self-manage hypertension. Based on the JNC 8 criteria, 37% of the individuals were hypertensive. Fifty of the 64 individuals expressed interest to receive SMS message, 64% of them expressed keenness to receive weekly SMS messages. Messages related to diet, physical activity, sleep, and smoking and alcohol consumption were perceived as important.

CONCLUSIONS

The Swasthya Pahal program using the SMAART informatics framework is a useful tool to enhance screening and self-management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among police personnel.

Prospective correlation of the radiological, surgical and pathological findings in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery for colorectal peritoneal metastases: implications for the preoperative estimation of the peritoneal cancer index

AIM

The peritoneal cancer index (PCI) is one of the strongest prognostic factors in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) for colorectal peritoneal metastases. Using pathological evaluation, however, the disease extent differs in a large proportion of patients. Our aim was to study the correlation between the radiological (rPCI), surgical (sPCI) and pathological (pPCI) PCI in order to determine factors affecting the discordance between these indices and their potential therapeutic implications.

METHOD

From July 2018 to December 2019, 128 patients were included in this study. The radiological, pathological and surgical findings were compared. A protocol for pathological evaluation was followed at all centres.

RESULTS

All patients underwent a CT scan and 102 (79.6%) had a peritoneal MRI. The rPCI was the same as the sPCI in 81 (63.2%) patients and the pPCI in 93 (72.6%). Concordance was significantly lower for moderate-volume (sPCI 13-20) and high-volume (sPCI > 20) disease than for low-volume disease (sPCI 0-12) (P < 0.001 for sPCI; P = 0.001 for pPCI). The accuracy of imaging in predicting presence/absence of disease upon pathological evaluation ranged from 63% to 97% in the different regions of the PCI. The pPCI concurred with the sPCI in 86 (68.8%) patients. Of the nine patients with sPCI > 20, the pPCI was less than 20 in six.

CONCLUSION

The rPCI and sPCI both concurred with pPCI in approximately two thirds of patients. Preoperative evaluation should focus on the range in which the sPCI lies and not its absolute value. Radiological evaluation did not overestimate sPCI in any patient with high/moderate-volume disease. The benefit of CRS in patients with a high r/sPCI (> 20) who respond to systemic therapies should be prospectively evaluated.

Hardware challenges with an anticoagulation strategy guided by detection of atrial fibrillation by an implantable loop recorder

Background

A “pill-in-the-pocket” anticoagulation strategy, guided by ECG data from an implantable loop recorder (ILR), has been advocated as a clinical strategy. However, a fundamental requirement is the ability to reliably obtain daily ECG data from patients.

Objective

To determine the reliability of daily ECG data transfer from ILRs.

Methods

We evaluated patients implanted with an ILR in whom we sought to withhold oral anticoagulation (OAC) unless atrial fibrillation (AF) was detected. The ILR transmits data nightly to a bedside monitor. Once received, the data are sent to a central server. Over the course of a month, we tracked for each patient whether ECG data were received by the server.

Results

The study included 170 AF patients with an ILR where we planned to withhold OAC unless AF was documented. Daily ECG data were automatically transmitted and retrievable in only 36 (21%) patients. Two (1%) pts had not a single day of connectivity, 6 (4%) pts were connected &lt;7 days, and 16 (9%) pts were connected &lt;14 days. Wireless connectivity was lost for &gt;48 hours in 89 (52%) patients (Figure). Most patients experienced multiple reasons for data transmission failure within the month.

Conclusions

To determine whether an ILR guided OAC strategy is feasible, reliable daily transmission of ECG data is a fundamental prerequisite. Current technology facilitated daily ECG data transfer in only 1/5 of patients. In the remaining, there was either extended loss of connectivity or no connectivity at all. A “pill-in-the-pocket” anticoagulation approach is currently difficult given existing hardware limitations.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Quality of Novel Coronavirus Related Health Information over the Internet: An Evaluation Study

BACKGROUND

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally from its epicenter in Hubei, China, and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The most popular search engine worldwide is Google, and since March 2020, COVID-19 has been a global trending search term. Misinformation related to COVID-19 from these searches is a problem, and hence, it is of high importance to assess the quality of health information over the internet related to COVID-19. The objective of our study is to examine the quality of COVID-19 related health information over the internet using the DISCERN tool.

METHODS

The keywords included in assessment of COVID-19 related information using Google's search engine were "Coronavirus," "Coronavirus causes," "Coronavirus diagnosis," "Coronavirus prevention," and "Coronavirus management". The first 20 websites from each search term were gathered to generate a list of 100 URLs. Duplicate sites were excluded from this search, allowing analysis of unique sites only. Additional exclusion criteria included scientific journals, nonoperational links, nonfunctional websites (where the page was not loading, was not found, or was inactive), and websites in languages other than English. This resulted in a unique list of 48 websites. Four independent raters evaluated the websites using a 16-item DISCERN tool to assess the quality of novel coronavirus related information available on the internet. The interrater reliability agreement was calculated using the intracluster correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

Results showed variation in how the raters assigned scores to different website categories. The .com websites received the lowest scores. Results showed that .edu and .org website category sites were excellent in communicating coronavirus related health information; however, they received lower scores for treatment effect and treatment choices.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the gaps in the quality of information that is available on the websites related to COVID-19 and study emphasizes the need for verified websites that provide evidence-based health information related to the novel coronavirus pandemic.

P1913Implantable Loop Recorder Detected Pattern of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Following Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Cryoballoon (CB) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is increasingly being used in patients (pts) with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there are limited data about the pattern of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence in these pts.

Objective

To assess, using an implantable loop recorder (ILR), the patterns of AF recurrence following CB PVI in pts with persistent atrial fibrillation.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive pts with persistent AF ablation undergoing their first CB ablation. Other cavotricuspid isthmus ablation when indicated, no other ablation was performed. A Reveal LINQ ILR (Medtronic) was implanted <3 months following ablation; all pts had a minimum of 1-year follow-up. The recurrence of any atrial arrhythmia was determined and adjudicated; 4 distinct AF patterns were characterized (Figure).

Results

We studied 64 pts (66±9 years; 50 [78%] male; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.6±1.9) with persistent AF; 52 (81%) pts were on an antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) peri-ablation. During 803±361 days of follow-up, 33 (52%) pts had their 1st AF recurrence 91–365 days post-ablation and another 17 (27%) pts had their 1st AF recurrence >365 days post-ablation. No AF was seen in 14 (31%) pts. Most pts (33 of 50, 66%) with AF recurrence presented with 1 of 3 distinct patterns of paroxysmal AF (Figure), which ranged from 22 min to 124 hours. In 2/3 of these pts, all AF recurrences lasted <24 hours. Only 17 (34%) pts recurred with persistent AF.

Conclusion

Following single CB PVI, most pts with persistent AF remained free of persistent AF during long-term follow-up. Most pts with recurrent AF have 1 of 3 distinct patterns with episodes commonly last <24 hours. These data suggest that CB PVI ablation may halt AF progression in pts initially presenting with persistent AF.

Patients with extensive regional lymph node involvement (pN2) following potentially curative surgery for colorectal cancer are at increased risk for developing peritoneal metastases: a retrospective single-institution study

AIM

Our goal was to determine the incidence and clinical behaviour of peritoneal metastases (PM) in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing potentially curative surgery, comparing patients with extensive locoregional lymph node involvement (pN2) with those who have serosal involvement (pT4), a known risk factor for developing PM.

METHOD

A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database was performed. All patients with pT4 and pN2 were included in the analysis. The diagnostic criteria were the finding of PM during surgery with biopsy confirmation as well as imaging features suggestive of PM, including ovarian metastases and omental deposits.

RESULTS

Two hundred and fourteen patients treated between May 2010 and October 2015 were included. Of these, 110 (51.4%) had pT4 and 131 (61.2%) pN2 tumours: 17.2% of patients with pT4 tumours and 20.2% of patients with pN2 tumours developed PM (P = 0.53). The median time to detection of PM was 16.6 months and 11.8 months for pT4 and pN2 tumours, respectively. PM were isolated in 51.8% of patients with pN2 tumours. Nonperitoneal metastases developed in 37.5% of patients with pN2 tumours. In pN2 tumours, the incidence of PM was higher in signet ring cell and mucinous tumours (P < 0.01), positive surgical margins (P = 0.02), colonic versus rectal tumours (P = < 0.01) and right colon primary tumours (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Patients with pN2 tumours are at an increased risk of developing PM, which is similar to the risk in pT4 tumours. pN2 tumours should be included in clinical trials evaluating preventive/proactive strategies. There is a need to identify predictive biomarkers for the development of PM versus other sites of metastasis.

Pilot study of chronic maternal hyperoxygenation and effect on aortic and mitral valve annular dimensions in fetuses with left heart hypoplasia

OBJECTIVE

Acute maternal hyperoxygenation (AMH) results in increased fetal left heart blood flow. Our aim was to perform a pilot study to determine the safety, feasibility and direction and magnitude of effect of chronic maternal hyperoxygenation (CMH) on mitral and aortic valve annular dimensions in fetuses with left heart hypoplasia (LHH) after CMH.

METHODS

Gravidae with fetal LHH were eligible for inclusion in a prospective evaluation of CMH. LHH was defined as: sum of aortic and mitral valve annuli Z-scores < -4.5, arch flow reversal and left-to-right or bidirectional atrial level shunting without hypoplastic left heart syndrome or severe aortic stenosis. Gravidae with an affected fetus and with ≥ 10% increase in aortic/combined cardiac output flow after 10 min of AMH at 8 L/min 100% fraction of inspired oxygen were offered enrollment. Nine gravidae were enrolled from February 2014 to January 2015. The goal therapy was ≥ 8 h daily CMH from enrollment until delivery. Gravidae who were cared for from July 2012 to October 2014 with fetal LHH and no CMH were identified as historical controls (n = 9). Rates of growth in aortic and mitral annuli over the final trimester were compared between groups using longitudinal regression.

RESULTS

There were no significant maternal or fetal complications in the CMH cohort. Mean gestational age at study initiation was 29.6 ± 3.2 weeks for the intervention group and 28.4 ± 1.8 weeks for controls (P = 0.35). Mean relative increase in aortic/combined cardiac output after AMH was 35.3% (range, 18.1-47.9%). Median number of hours per day on CMH therapy was 9.3 (range, 6.5-14.6) and median duration of CMH was 48 (range, 33-84) days. Mean mitral annular growth was 0.19 ± 0.05 mm/week compared with 0.14 ± 0.05 mm/week in CMH vs controls (mean difference 0.05 ± 0.05 mm/week, P = 0.33). Mean aortic annular growth was 0.14 ± 0.03 mm/week compared with 0.13 ± 0.03 mm/week in CMH vs controls (mean difference 0.01 ± 0.03 mm/week, P = 0.75). More than 9 h CMH daily (n = 6) was associated with better growth of the aortic annulus in intervention fetuses (0.16 ± 0.03 vs 0.08 ± 0.02 mm/week, P = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONS

CMH is both safe and feasible for continued research. In this pilot study, the effect estimates of annular growth, using the studied method of delivery and dose of oxygen, were small. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviates motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats

Protection of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) neurons by neurotrophic factors (NTFs) is one of the promising strategies in Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy. A major clinical challenge for NTF-based therapy is that NTFs need to be delivered into the brain via invasive means, which often shows limited delivery efficiency. The nose to brain pathway is a non-invasive brain drug delivery approach developed in recent years. Of particular interest is the finding that intranasal insulin improves cognitive functions in Alzheimer's patients. In vitro, insulin has been shown to protect neurons against various insults. Therefore, the current study was designed to test whether intranasal insulin could afford neuroprotection in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-based rat PD model. 6-OHDA was injected into the right side of striatum to induce a progressive DA neuronal lesion in the ipsilateral SN pars compact (SNc). Recombinant human insulin was applied intranasally to rats starting from 24h post lesion, once per day, for 2 weeks. A battery of motor behavioral tests was conducted on day 8 and 15. The number of DA neurons in the SNc was estimated by stereological counting. Our results showed that 6-OHDA injection led to significant motor deficits and 53% of DA neuron loss in the ipsilateral side of injection. Treatment with insulin significantly ameliorated 6-OHDA-induced motor impairments, as shown by improved locomotor activity, tapered/ledged beam-walking performance, vibrissa-elicited forelimb-placing, initial steps, as well as methamphetamine-induced rotational behavior. Consistent with behavioral improvements, insulin treatment provided a potent protection of DA neurons in the SNc against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity, as shown by a 74.8% increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons compared to the vehicle group. Intranasal insulin treatment did not affect body weight and blood glucose levels. In conclusion, our study showed that intranasal insulin provided strong neuroprotection in the 6-OHDA rat PD model, suggesting that insulin signaling may be a novel therapeutic target in broad neurodegenerative disorders.

Reasons why patients fail screening in Indian breast cancer trials

Introduction:

An increased number of screen failure patients in a clinical trial increases time and cost required for the recruitment. Assessment of reasons for screen failure can help reduce screen failure rates and improve recruitment.

Materials and Methods:

We collected retrospective data of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) positive Indian breast cancer patients, who failed screening for phase 3 clinical trials and ascertained their reasons for screen failure from screening logs. Statistical comparison was done to ascertain if there are any differences between private and public sites.

Results:

Of 727 patients screened at 14 sites, 408 (56.1%) failed screening. The data on the specific reasons for screen failures was not available at one of the public sites (38 screen failures out of 83 screened patients). Hence, after excluding that site, further analysis is based on 644 patients, of which 370 failed screening. Of these, 296 (80%) screen failure patients did not meet selection criteria. The majority -266 were HER2 negative. Among logistical issues, 39 patients had inadequate breast tissue sample. Sixteen patients withdrew their consent at private sites as compared to six at public sites. The difference between private and public sites for the above three reasons was statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Use of prescreening logs to reduce the number of patients not meeting selection criteria and protocol logistics, and patient counseling to reduce consent withdrawals could be used to reduce screen failure rate.