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Biggs J, Ayele A, Fischer TP, Fontijn K, Hutchison W, Kazimoto E, Whaler K, Wright TJ. Volcanic activity and hazard in the East African Rift Zone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6881. [PMID: 34824232 PMCID: PMC8616933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, multidisciplinary studies have unearthed a rich history of volcanic activity and unrest in the densely-populated East African Rift System, providing new insights into the influence of rift dynamics on magmatism, the characteristics of the volcanic plumbing systems and the foundation for hazard assessments. The raised awareness of volcanic hazards is driving a shift from crisis response to reducing disaster risks, but a lack of institutional and human capacity in sub-Saharan Africa means baseline data are sparse and mitigating geohazards remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Biggs
- COMET, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Atalay Ayele
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Institue of Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tobias P. Fischer
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Karen Fontijn
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université libre de Bruxelles, Av. F Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Hutchison
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Emmanuel Kazimoto
- grid.8193.30000 0004 0648 0244Department of Geosciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box, 35052 Dar es Saalam, Tanzania
| | - Kathy Whaler
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tim J. Wright
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Haile WG, Banerjee S, Ayele A, Mestawet T, Klemetsdal G, Ådnøy T. Finding best exotic breed proportion in crossbred lactating sheep kept under farmers’ conditions in Ethiopia determined by use of nested Legendre polynomials with limited data. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2020.1717591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. G. Haile
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - S. Banerjee
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - A. Ayele
- Debre-Berhan Agricultural Research Center, Debre-Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - T. Mestawet
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - G. Klemetsdal
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway
| | - T. Ådnøy
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway
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Abstract
Meat tenderness is one of the quality parameters that affect the tough muscle and changes
into soft meat, which is characterized by, increased the palatability, juiciness, and flavor
of the meat, the process is known as meat tenderization. According to literature reports,
meat can be tenderized by using different methods. The tenderize meat gives rise to
customer satisfaction and repeated buyers that improve the value of the meat industry as
well as the restaurants. The most widely used methods for tenderization of meat are
mechanical, electrical stimulation, application of exogenous proteolytic enzyme, and
thermal treatment methods. All these methods result in tenderization of meat that reduces
the cooking times, hardness of meat and chewiness of meat products, that can increase
meatiness, flavor, and overall palatability. Therefore, an attempt has been made to review
the different meat tenderization methods concerning their effectiveness, economic value,
and mode of action. The toughness of the meat is reduced during mechanical method by
disrupting the structure of the meat and weakening the protein network in muscles.
Whereas, in case of enzymatic treatment tenderization is achieved by hydrolyzing the
meat protein, which reduces the bonding between muscles and results in softening of the
meat.
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Goitom B, Oppenheimer C, Hammond JOS, Grandin R, Barnie T, Donovan A, Ogubazghi G, Yohannes E, Kibrom G, Kendall JM, Carn SA, Fee D, Sealing C, Keir D, Ayele A, Blundy J, Hamlyn J, Wright T, Berhe S. First recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, 2011. Bull Volcanol 2015; 77:85. [PMID: 26379357 PMCID: PMC4562108 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-015-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a synthesis of diverse observations of the first recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, which began on 12 June 2011. While no monitoring of the volcano was in effect at the time, it has been possible to reconstruct the nature and evolution of the eruption through analysis of regional seismological and infrasound data and satellite remote sensing data, supplemented by petrological analysis of erupted products and brief field surveys. The event is notable for the comparative rarity of recorded historical eruptions in the region and of caldera systems in general, for the prodigious quantity of SO2 emitted into the atmosphere and the significant human impacts that ensued notwithstanding the low population density of the Afar region. It is also relevant in understanding the broader magmatic and tectonic significance of the volcanic massif of which Nabro forms a part and which strikes obliquely to the principal rifting directions in the Red Sea and northern Afar. The whole-rock compositions of the erupted lavas and tephra range from trachybasaltic to trachybasaltic andesite, and crystal-hosted melt inclusions contain up to 3,000 ppm of sulphur by weight. The eruption was preceded by significant seismicity, detected by regional networks of sensors and accompanied by sustained tremor. Substantial infrasound was recorded at distances of hundreds to thousands of kilometres from the vent, beginning at the onset of the eruption and continuing for weeks. Analysis of ground deformation suggests the eruption was fed by a shallow, NW-SE-trending dike, which is consistent with field and satellite observations of vent distributions. Despite lack of prior planning and preparedness for volcanic events in the country, rapid coordination of the emergency response mitigated the human costs of the eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhe Goitom
- />School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
- />Department of Earth Sciences, Eritrea Institute of Technology, PO Box 12676, Asmara, Eritrea
| | | | - James O. S. Hammond
- />Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Raphaël Grandin
- />Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Talfan Barnie
- />Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Amy Donovan
- />Department of Geography, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN UK
| | - Ghebrebrhan Ogubazghi
- />Department of Earth Sciences, Eritrea Institute of Technology, PO Box 12676, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Ermias Yohannes
- />Department of Mines, Eritrea Geological Surveys, PO Box 272, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Goitom Kibrom
- />Department of Mines, Eritrea Geological Surveys, PO Box 272, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - J- Michael Kendall
- />School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
| | - Simon A. Carn
- />Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - David Fee
- />Wilson Infrasound Observatories, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA
| | - Christine Sealing
- />Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Derek Keir
- />National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Atalay Ayele
- />Institute of Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jon Blundy
- />School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
| | - Joanna Hamlyn
- />COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Wright
- />COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Seife Berhe
- />Global Resources Development Consultants, Asmara, Eritrea
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Wright TJ, Ebinger C, Biggs J, Ayele A, Yirgu G, Keir D, Stork A. Magma-maintained rift segmentation at continental rupture in the 2005 Afar dyking episode. Nature 2006; 442:291-4. [PMID: 16855588 DOI: 10.1038/nature04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Seafloor spreading centres show a regular along-axis segmentation thought to be produced by a segmented magma supply in the passively upwelling mantle. On the other hand, continental rifts are segmented by large offset normal faults, and many lack magmatism. It is unclear how, when and where the ubiquitous segmented melt zones are emplaced during the continental rupture process. Between 14 September and 4 October 2005, 163 earthquakes (magnitudes greater than 3.9) and a volcanic eruption occurred within the approximately 60-km-long Dabbahu magmatic segment of the Afar rift, a nascent seafloor spreading centre in stretched continental lithosphere. Here we present a three-dimensional deformation field for the Dabbahu rifting episode derived from satellite radar data, which shows that the entire segment ruptured, making it the largest to have occurred on land in the era of satellite geodesy. Simple elastic modelling shows that the magmatic segment opened by up to 8 m, yet seismic rupture can account for only 8 per cent of the observed deformation. Magma was injected along a dyke between depths of 2 and 9 km, corresponding to a total intrusion volume of approximately 2.5 km3. Much of the magma appears to have originated from shallow chambers beneath Dabbahu and Gabho volcanoes at the northern end of the segment, where an explosive fissural eruption occurred on 26 September 2005. Although comparable in magnitude to the ten year (1975-84) Krafla events in Iceland, seismic data suggest that most of the Dabbahu dyke intrusion occurred in less than a week. Thus, magma intrusion via dyking, rather than segmented normal faulting, maintains and probably initiated the along-axis segmentation along this sector of the Nubia-Arabia plate boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Wright
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PR, UK.
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Ning H, Ullman K, Miller R, Ayele A, Jocelyn L, Havelos J, Guion P, Xie H, Li G, Arora B, Coleman C, Menard C. A simple and reproducible method for daily verification and correction of isocenter position relative to prostatic fiducial markers using electronic portal imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maguire PKH, Ebinger CJ, Stuart GW, Mackenzie GD, Whaler KA, Kendall JM, Khan MA, Fowler CMR, Klemperer SL, Keller GR, Harder S, Furman T, Mickus K, Asfaw L, Ayele A, Abebe B. Geophysical project in Ethiopia studies continental breakup. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003eo350002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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