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Ahmed S, Hussain R, Khan A, Batool SA, Mughal A, Nawaz MH, Irfan M, Wadood A, Avcu E, Rehman MAU. 3D Printing Assisted Fabrication of Copper-Silver Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles Reinforced Sodium Alginate/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Based Composite Scaffolds: Designed for Skin Tissue Engineering. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:5052-5066. [PMID: 37857344 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (also known as 3D printing) is a promising method for producing patient-specific implants. In the present study, sodium alginate (Na-ALG)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer blends of varying ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were used to produce tailored-designed skin scaffolds using a 3D bioprinter. Samples of skin scaffolds were printed at 20 layers with a layer height of 0.15 mm using a needle with an inner diameter of 330 μm while maintaining the extrusion speed, extrusion width, and fill density at 10 mm/s, 0.2 mm, and 85%, respectively. The Na-ALG/PVA blend with a 3:1 ratio showed the best printability due to its good viscosity and minimal nozzle leakage, allowing for the fabrication of skin scaffolds with high fidelity and the desired morphological characteristics. Then, copper-silver doped mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (Cu-Ag MBGNs) were incorporated into the Na-ALG/PVA blend (which had already been prepared by using a Na-ALG:PVA ratio of 3:1) in order to obtain therapeutic (angiogenic and antibacterial) effects. The fabricated Na-ALG/PVA/Cu-Ag MBGNs biocomposite scaffolds with dimensions of 20 mm× 20 × 3 mm3 and pore size of 400 ± 60 μm exhibited a promising fidelity. The presence of chemical bonds attributed to Na-ALG, PVA, and Cu-Ag MBGNs and the uniform distribution of Na, C, and O elements within the microstructure of the scaffolds were confirmed by EDX, SEM, and FTIR analyses. The scaffolds were hydrophilic and exhibited proper swelling and degradation behavior for skin tissue engineering. According to the inhibition halo test, the scaffolds exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The cytocompatibility to human-derived fibroblast cells was confirmed by the WST-8 assay and in vivo Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay. In addition, Na-ALG/PVA/Cu-Ag MBGNs showed angiogenic potential, exhibiting favorable wound healing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Hussain
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Khan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Ammara Batool
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Awab Mughal
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haseeb Nawaz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Science & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Egemen Avcu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
- Department of Machine and Metal Technologies, Ford Otosan Ihsaniye Automotive Vocational School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41650, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Centre of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Hutzler S, Ryan-Purcell J, Mughal A, Weaire D. A continuum description of the buckling of a line of spheres in a transverse harmonic confining potential. R Soc open sci 2023; 10:230293. [PMID: 37448480 PMCID: PMC10336375 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
A line of contacting hard spheres, placed in a transverse confining potential, buckles under compression or when tilted away from the horizontal, once a critical tilt angle is exceeded. This interesting nonlinear problem is enriched by the combined application of both compression and tilt. In a continuous formulation, the profile of transverse sphere displacement is well described by numerical solutions of a second-order differential equation (provided that buckling is not of large amplitude). Here we provide a detailed discussion of these solutions, which are approximated by analytic expressions in terms of Jacobi, Whittaker and Airy functions. The analysis in terms of Whittaker functions yields an exact result for the critical tilt for buckling without compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutzler
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - J Ryan-Purcell
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - A Mughal
- Department of Mathematics, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales SY23 3BZ, UK
| | - D Weaire
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Barron J, Falkner P, Yasin N, Mughal A. A challenge of being tall: an occupational cause of notalgia paraesthetica. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 46:1125-1126. [PMID: 33774851 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Barron
- Departments of, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - P Falkner
- Dermatology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - N Yasin
- Department of Anaesthetics, Nevil Hall Hospital, Abergavenny, UK
| | - A Mughal
- Complex Spine Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Mughal A, Subramanian T, Jones R, James D, Ogboli M, Soccorso G. 469 Evaluating the Use of Laparoscopic-Assisted Gastrostomy Tube Insertion in Children with Epidermolysis Bullosa: A Retrospective Observational Study. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab134.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Nutritional management of children with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) presents multiple challenges including reduced oral intake and mucosal fragility. Laparoscopic-assisted gastrostomy (LAG) tube feeding is effective in improving nutritional status. We aim to review the effectiveness and morbidity of our minimally invasive laparoscopic-assisted approach in EB patients.
Method
A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted on all EB patients who underwent LAG tube insertion between 2009 and 2019. Patient demographics, admission details and 12-month clinical outcomes were reported.
Results
31 EB patients underwent LAG placement. Median age at insertion was 7.2 (IQR ± 6.5) years, with 8 (25.8%) and 3 (9.7%) of patients requiring oesophageal dilatation and fundoplication, respectively. 71.4% patients experienced minor complications including: overgranulation (35.7%), gastrostomy infection (32.1%), pain (21.4%), mild gastrostomy leakage (17.9%), blockage (10.7%) and late displacement (3.6%). 6 patients (21.4%) developed major complications with extensive gastrostomy site leakage. Only one patient required laparoscopic refashioning for stoma prolapse six years post-insertion. No cases of gastrostomy-related mortality were recorded and an improvement in both mean weight and height Z-scores was observed.
Conclusions
LAG is well-tolerated in EB patients with improvements in growth and minimal morbidity 12-months post-gastrostomy insertion. An extended follow-up period is required to ascertain long-term impacts of gastrostomy feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mughal
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - T Subramanian
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - R Jones
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D James
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M Ogboli
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - G Soccorso
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
There is a growing interest in cylindrical structures of hard and soft particles. A promising new method to assemble such structures has recently been introduced by Lee et al. [Lee, Gizynski, and Grzybowski, Adv. Mater. 29, 1704274 (2017)ADVMEW0935-964810.1002/adma.201704274]. They used rapid rotations around a central axis to drive spheres of lower density than the surrounding fluid towards the axis. This resulted in different structures as the number of spheres is varied. Here, we present comprehensive analytic energy calculations for such self-assembled structures, based on a generic soft sphere model, from which we obtain a phase diagram. It displays interesting features, including peritectoid points. These analytic calculations are complemented by preliminary numerical simulations for finite sample sizes with soft spheres. A similar analytic approach could be used to study packings of spheres inside cylinders of fixed dimensions, but with a variation in the number of spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winkelmann
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Mughal
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales SY23, United Kingdom
| | - D B Williams
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Weaire
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Hutzler
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Active swarms, consisting of individual agents which consume energy to move or produce work, are known to generate a diverse range of collective behaviors. Many examples of active swarms are biological in nature (e.g., fish shoals and bird flocks) and have been modeled extensively by numerical simulations. Such simulations of swarms usually assume that the swarm is homogeneous; that is, every agent has exactly the same dynamical properties. However, many biological swarms are highly heterogeneous, such as multispecies communities of micro-organisms in soil, and individual species may have a wide range of different physical properties. Here we explore heterogeneity by developing a simple model for the dynamics of a swarm of motile heterogeneous rodlike bacteria in the absence of hydrodynamic effects. Using molecular dynamics simulations of active rods confined within a two-dimensional rectangular channel, we first explore the case of homogeneous swarms and show that the key parameter governing both dynamics is ratio of the motility force to the steric force. Next we explore heterogeneous or mixed swarms in which the constituent self-propelled rods have a range of motilities and steric interactions. Our results show that the confining boundaries play a strong role in driving the segregation of mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Khodygo
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - M T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - A Mughal
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom
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Mughal A, Libertiny T, Schröder-Turk G. How bees and foams respond to curved confinement: Level set boundary representations in the Surface Evolver. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
We investigate the equilibrium properties of a single area-minimizing bubble trapped between two narrowly separated parallel curved plates. We begin with the case of a bubble trapped between concentric spherical plates. We develop a model which shows that the surface energy of the bubble is lower when confined between spherical plates than between flat plates. We confirm our findings by comparing against Surface Evolver simulations. We then derive a simple model for a bubble between arbitrarily curved parallel plates. The energy is found to be higher when the local Gaussian curvature of the plates is negative and lower when the curvature is positive. To check the validity of the model, we consider a bubble trapped between concentric tori. In the toroidal case, we find that the sensitivity of the bubble's energy to the local curvature acts as a geometric potential capable of driving bubbles from regions with negative to positive curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mughal
- Department of Mathematics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3BZ, UK.,Theoretische Physik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg - Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S J Cox
- Department of Mathematics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3BZ, UK
| | - G E Schröder-Turk
- Theoretische Physik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg - Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Murdoch University, School of Engineering and IT, Murdoch, Perth, WA6162, Australia
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Winkelmann J, Haffner B, Weaire D, Mughal A, Hutzler S. Simulation and observation of line-slip structures in columnar structures of soft spheres. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:012610. [PMID: 29347149 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.012610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present the computed phase diagram of columnar structures of soft spheres under pressure, of which the main feature is the appearance and disappearance of line slips, the shearing of adjacent spirals, as pressure is increased. A comparable experimental observation is made on a column of bubbles under forced drainage, clearly exhibiting the expected line slip.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winkelmann
- Foams and Complex Systems, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - B Haffner
- Foams and Complex Systems, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D Weaire
- Foams and Complex Systems, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A Mughal
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales SY23, United Kingdom
| | - S Hutzler
- Foams and Complex Systems, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Winkelmann J, Haffner B, Weaire D, Mughal A, Hutzler S. Corrected Article: Simulation and observation of line-slip structures in columnar structures of soft spheres [Phys. Rev. E 96, 012610 (2017)]. Phys Rev E 2017; 97:059902. [PMID: 29906839 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.059902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.96.012610.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winkelmann
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Haffner
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Weaire
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Mughal
- Department of Mathematics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK
| | - S Hutzler
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland
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Mughal A, Nandra B, Rogers S. A summary of the qualitative literature for the quality of life of patients following head and neck cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.02.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
We consider the evolution of the packing of disks (representing the position of buds) that are introduced at the top of a surface which has the form of a growing stem. They migrate downwards, while conforming to three principles, applied locally: dense packing, homogeneity, and continuity. We show that spiral structures characterized by the widely observed Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...), as well as related structures, occur naturally under such rules. Typical results are presented in an animation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mughal
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - D Weaire
- Foams and Complex Systems, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Haebich G, Mughal A, Tofazzal N. Superficial spreading malignant melanoma in a patient on fingolimod therapy for multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2016; 41:433-4. [PMID: 26577239 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Haebich
- Department of Dermatology, Singleton Hospital Swansea, Sketty Lane, Swansea, UK.
| | - A Mughal
- Department of Dermatology, Singleton Hospital Swansea, Sketty Lane, Swansea, UK
| | - N Tofazzal
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Singleton Hospital Swansea, Sketty Lane, Swansea, UK
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Abstract
We have previously explored cylindrical packings of disks and their relation to sphere packings. Here we extend the analytical treatment of disk packings, analyzing the rules for phyllotactic indices of related structures and the variation of the density for line-slip structures, close to the symmetric ones. We show that rhombic structures, which are of a lower density, are always unstable, i.e., can be increased in density by small perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mughal
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3BZ, United Kingdom and Theoretische Physik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Weaire
- Foams and Complex Systems, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Mughal A, El Demellawi JK, Chaieb S. Band-gap engineering by molecular mechanical strain-induced giant tuning of the luminescence in colloidal amorphous porous silicon nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:25273-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02966f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for producing and tuning the emission of a colloidal dispersion of amorphous porous silicon nanoparticles via controlled oxidation and disorder increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mughal
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J. K. El Demellawi
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahraoui Chaieb
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Mughal A, Kazi Y, Bukhari H, Ali M. Pertussis resurgence among vaccinated children in Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. Public Health 2012; 126:518-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mughal A, Chan HK, Weaire D, Hutzler S. Dense packings of spheres in cylinders: simulations. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 85:051305. [PMID: 23004748 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.051305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study the optimal packing of hard spheres in an infinitely long cylinder, using simulated annealing, and compare our results with the analogous problem of packing disks on the unrolled surface of a cylinder. The densest structures are described and tabulated in detail up to D/d=2.873 (ratio of cylinder and sphere diameters). This extends previous computations into the range of structures which include internal spheres that are not in contact with the cylinder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mughal
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3BZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
We develop a simple analytical theory that relates dense sphere packings in a cylinder to corresponding disk packings on its surface. It applies for ratios R=D/d (where d and D are the diameters of the hard spheres and the bounding cylinder, respectively) up to R=1+1/sin(π/5). Within this range the densest packings are such that all spheres are in contact with the cylindrical boundary. The detailed results elucidate extensive numerical simulations by ourselves and others by identifying the nature of various competing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mughal
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3BZ, United Kingdom
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Mughal A, Vikram A, Kushwaha S, Jena GB. Simultaneous use of erythropoietin and prior bleeding enhances the sensitivity of the peripheral blood micronucleus assay. Mutagenesis 2010; 26:331-8. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Mughal A, Vikram A, Ramarao P, Jena G. Micronucleus and comet assay in the peripheral blood of juvenile rat: Establishment of assay feasibility, time of sampling and the induction of DNA damage. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2010; 700:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mughal A, Moore MA. Topological defects in the crystalline state of one-component plasmas of nonuniform density. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2007; 76:011606. [PMID: 17677463 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.76.011606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We study the ground state properties of classical Coulomb charges interacting with a 1/r potential moving on a plane but confined either by a circular hard-wall boundary or by a harmonic potential. The charge density in the continuum limit is determined analytically and is nonuniform. Because of the nonuniform density there are both disclinations and dislocations present and their distribution across the system is calculated and shown to be in agreement with numerical studies of the ground state (or at least low-energy states) of N charges, where values of N up to 5000 have been studied. A consequence of these defects is that although the charges locally form into a triangular lattice structure, the lattice lines acquire a marked curvature. A study is made of conformal crystals to illuminate the origin of this curvature. The scaling of various terms which contribute to the overall energy of the system of charges, viz., the continuum electrostatic energy, correlation energy, surface energy (and so on) as a function of the number of particles N is determined. "Magic number" clusters are those at special values of N whose energies take them below the energy estimated from the scaling forms and are identified with charge arrangements of high symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mughal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Abstract
AIMS To quantify the risks of British children drowning abroad. METHODS The numbers of British children drowning abroad were estimated for 1996-2003 using the RoSPA/RLSS press cutting database. We compared these figures with the numbers of British children going abroad from the International Passenger Survey from the Office of National Statistics. RESULTS Sixty-eight children (45 boys-23 Girls) drowned in the eight-year period: 48 (71%) in swimming pools (mostly in hotels). Allowing for exposure, the rate was higher in North America [5.2 (CI 2.9-9.4)/million tourists] than the European Union [1.9 (CI 1.4-2.5)/million tourists] p = 0.002. DISCUSSION On average eight British children drown each year abroad. This is therefore a rare but tragic event. Most of these episodes happen in swimming pools and this needs to be compared to the one child that dies each year in municipal swimming pools in the United Kingdom where there is adequate lifeguarding. It may be that parents have a false sense of security for their children in pools abroad. We believe that there needs to be action from the European Union on this important event.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cornall
- Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA), RoSPA House, Edgbaston Park, Birmingham, UK
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