1
|
Mollereau B, Rzechorzek NM, Roussel BD, Sedru M, Van den Brink DM, Bailly-Maitre B, Palladino F, Medinas DB, Domingos PM, Hunot S, Chandran S, Birman S, Baron T, Vivien D, Duarte CB, Ryoo HD, Steller H, Urano F, Chevet E, Kroemer G, Ciechanover A, Calabrese EJ, Kaufman RJ, Hetz C. Adaptive preconditioning in neurological diseases - therapeutic insights from proteostatic perturbations. Brain Res 2016; 1648:603-616. [PMID: 26923166 PMCID: PMC5010532 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In neurological disorders, both acute and chronic neural stress can disrupt cellular proteostasis, resulting in the generation of pathological protein. However in most cases, neurons adapt to these proteostatic perturbations by activating a range of cellular protective and repair responses, thus maintaining cell function. These interconnected adaptive mechanisms comprise a 'proteostasis network' and include the unfolded protein response, the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy. Interestingly, several recent studies have shown that these adaptive responses can be stimulated by preconditioning treatments, which confer resistance to a subsequent toxic challenge - the phenomenon known as hormesis. In this review we discuss the impact of adaptive stress responses stimulated in diverse human neuropathologies including Parkinson׳s disease, Wolfram syndrome, brain ischemia, and brain cancer. Further, we examine how these responses and the molecular pathways they recruit might be exploited for therapeutic gain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Mollereau
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - N M Rzechorzek
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - B D Roussel
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - M Sedru
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - D M Van den Brink
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - B Bailly-Maitre
- INSERM U1065, C3M, Team 8 (Hepatic Complications in Obesity), Nice, France
| | - F Palladino
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - D B Medinas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P M Domingos
- ITQB-UNL, Av. da Republica, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S Hunot
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - S Birman
- Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Baron
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, 31, avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - D Vivien
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - C B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H D Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Steller
- Howard Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - F Urano
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - E Chevet
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - G Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women׳s and Children׳s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Ciechanover
- The Polak Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 30196, Israel
| | - E J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - R J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - C Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lebeaupin C, Proics E, de Bieville CHD, Rousseau D, Bonnafous S, Patouraux S, Adam G, Lavallard VJ, Rovere C, Le Thuc O, Saint-Paul MC, Anty R, Schneck AS, Iannelli A, Gugenheim J, Tran A, Gual P, Bailly-Maitre B. ER stress induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and hepatocyte death. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1879. [PMID: 26355342 PMCID: PMC4650444 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of chronic liver disease is constantly increasing, owing to the obesity epidemic. However, the causes and mechanisms of inflammation-mediated liver damage remain poorly understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an initiator of cell death and inflammatory mechanisms. Although obesity induces ER stress, the interplay between hepatic ER stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and hepatocyte death signaling has not yet been explored during the etiology of chronic liver diseases. Steatosis is a common disorder affecting obese patients; moreover, 25% of these patients develop steatohepatitis with an inherent risk for progression to hepatocarcinoma. Increased plasma LPS levels have been detected in the serum of patients with steatohepatitis. We hypothesized that, as a consequence of increased plasma LPS, ER stress could be induced and lead to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and hepatocyte death associated with steatohepatitis progression. In livers from obese mice, administration of LPS or tunicamycin results in IRE1α and PERK activation, leading to the overexpression of CHOP. This, in turn, activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, subsequently initiating hepatocyte pyroptosis (caspase-1, -11, interleukin-1β secretion) and apoptosis (caspase-3, BH3-only proteins). In contrast, the LPS challenge is blocked by the ER stress inhibitor TUDCA, resulting in: CHOP downregulation, reduced caspase-1, caspase-11, caspase-3 activities, lowered interleukin-1β secretion and rescue from cell death. The central role of CHOP in mediating the activation of proinflammatory caspases and cell death was characterized by performing knockdown experiments in primary mouse hepatocytes. Finally, the analysis of human steatohepatitis liver biopsies showed a correlation between the upregulation of inflammasome and ER stress markers, as well as liver injury. We demonstrate here that ER stress leads to hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome pyroptotic death, thus contributing as a novel mechanism of inflammation-mediated liver injury in chronic liver diseases. Inhibition of ER-dependent inflammasome activation and cell death pathways may represent a potential therapeutic approach in chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lebeaupin
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - E Proics
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - C H D de Bieville
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - D Rousseau
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - S Bonnafous
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Digestif, Nice, France
| | - S Patouraux
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Biologie, Nice, France
| | - G Adam
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - V J Lavallard
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - C Rovere
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR7275, Valbonne, France
| | - O Le Thuc
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR7275, Valbonne, France
| | - M C Saint-Paul
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Digestif, Nice, France
| | - R Anty
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Digestif, Nice, France
| | - A S Schneck
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Digestif, Nice, France
| | - A Iannelli
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Digestif, Nice, France
| | - J Gugenheim
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Digestif, Nice, France
| | - A Tran
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Département Digestif, Nice, France
| | - P Gual
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - B Bailly-Maitre
- INSERM, U1065, Equipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité », Bâtiment Universitaire ARCHIMED, Nice, France.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patouraux S, Rousseau D, Rubio A, Bonnafous S, Lavallard VJ, Lauron J, Saint-Paul MC, Bailly-Maitre B, Tran A, Crenesse D, Gual P. Osteopontin deficiency aggravates hepatic injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1208. [PMID: 24810044 PMCID: PMC4047890 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein involved in hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and cancer progression. However, its role in hepatic injury induced by ischemia–reperfusion (I–R) has not yet been investigated. We show here that hepatic warm ischemia for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 4 h induced the upregulation of the hepatic and systemic level of OPN in mice. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were strongly increased in Opn−/− mice compared with wild-type (Wt) mice after I–R, and histological analysis of the liver revealed a significantly higher incidence of necrosis of hepatocytes. In addition, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6) and interferon-γ were strongly upregulated in Opn−/− mice versus Wt mice after I–R. One explanation for these responses could be the vulnerability of the OPN-deficient hepatocyte. Indeed, the downregulation of OPN in primary and AML12 hepatocytes decreased cell viability in the basal state and sensitized AML12 hepatocytes to cell death induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation and TNFα. Further, the downregulation of OPN in AML12 hepatocytes caused a strong decrease in the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and in the ATP level. The hepatic expression of Bcl2 also decreased in Opn−/− mice versus Wt mice livers after I–R. Another explanation could be the regulation of the macrophage activity by OPN. In RAW macrophages, the downregulation of OPN enhanced iNOS expression in the basal state and sensitized macrophages to inflammatory signals, as evaluated by the upregulation of iNOS, TNFα and IL6 in response to lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, OPN partially protects from hepatic injury and inflammation induced in this experimental model of liver I–R. This could be due to its ability to partially prevent death of hepatocytes and to limit the production of toxic iNOS-derived NO by macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Patouraux
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Biologique, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - D Rousseau
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - A Rubio
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - S Bonnafous
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Digestif, Hôpital L'Archet, Nice, France
| | - V J Lavallard
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - J Lauron
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - M-C Saint-Paul
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Biologique, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - B Bailly-Maitre
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - A Tran
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Digestif, Hôpital L'Archet, Nice, France
| | - D Crenesse
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France [3] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpitaux Pédiatriques CHU Lenval, Nice, France
| | - P Gual
- 1] INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe 8 « Complications hépatiques de l'obésité», Nice, France [2] Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bailly-Maitre B, de Sousa G, Zucchini N, Gugenheim J, Boulukos KE, Rahmani R. Spontaneous apoptosis in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and regulation by dexamethasone. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:945-55. [PMID: 12181745 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2001] [Revised: 02/05/2002] [Accepted: 02/14/2002] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the biochemical pathways leading to spontaneous apoptosis in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes, we examined the activation of the caspase cascade, the expression of Bcl-2-related-proteins and heat shock proteins. Comparisons were made before and after dexamethasone (DEX) treatment. We show that DEX inhibited spontaneous apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. DEX increases the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) proteins, decreases the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and inhibits Bad translocation thereby preventing the release of cytochrome c, the activation of caspases, and cell death. Although, the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70 proteins remained unchanged, the oncogenic protein c-Myc is upregulated upon DEX-treatment. These results indicate that DEX mediates its survival effect against spontaneous apoptosis by acting upstream of the mitochondrial changes. Thus, the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway plays a major role in regulating spontaneous apoptosis in these cells. Blocking this pathway therefore may assist with organ preservation for transplant, drug screening, and other purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bailly-Maitre
- Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INRA, 06606 Antibes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bailly-Maitre B, de Sousa G, Boulukos K, Gugenheim J, Rahmani R. Dexamethasone inhibits spontaneous apoptosis in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes via Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL induction. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:279-88. [PMID: 11319611 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2000] [Accepted: 11/09/2000] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on the apoptotic process in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes. DEX prolonged cell viability, inhibited the development of an apoptotic morphology, and stabilised the expression of procaspase-3 in both human and rat hepatocytes. In addition, the inhibition of apoptosis by DEX was strongly correlated with a decrease of caspase-3-like protease activity. Moreover, DEX treatment increased the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins in human and rat hepatocytes, respectively, whereas the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xS or Bad was not detected or remained unchanged. The bcl-xL transcript is regulated at the transcriptional level and its expression paralleled that of Bcl-xL protein in DEX-treated rat hepatocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that this glucocorticoid exerts a protective role on cell survival and it delays apoptosis of human and rat hepatocytes by modulating caspase-3-like protease activity and bcl-2 and bcl-x gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bailly-Maitre
- Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INRA, 06606 Antibes, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|