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Falgarone E, Zwaan MA, Godard B, Bergin E, Ivison RJ, Andreani PM, Bournaud F, Bussmann RS, Elbaz D, Omont A, Oteo I, Walter F. Large turbulent reservoirs of cold molecular gas around high-redshift starburst galaxies. Nature 2017; 548:430-433. [PMID: 28813416 DOI: 10.1038/nature23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Starburst galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation are among the most extreme star-forming engines in the Universe, producing stars over about 100 million years (ref. 2). The star-formation rates of these galaxies, which exceed 100 solar masses per year, require large reservoirs of cold molecular gas to be delivered to their cores, despite strong feedback from stars or active galactic nuclei. Consequently, starburst galaxies are ideal for studying the interplay between this feedback and the growth of a galaxy. The methylidyne cation, CH+, is a most useful molecule for such studies because it cannot form in cold gas without suprathermal energy input, so its presence indicates dissipation of mechanical energy or strong ultraviolet irradiation. Here we report the detection of CH+ (J = 1-0) emission and absorption lines in the spectra of six lensed starburst galaxies at redshifts near 2.5. This line has such a high critical density for excitation that it is emitted only in very dense gas, and is absorbed in low-density gas. We find that the CH+ emission lines, which are broader than 1,000 kilometres per second, originate in dense shock waves powered by hot galactic winds. The CH+ absorption lines reveal highly turbulent reservoirs of cool (about 100 kelvin), low-density gas, extending far (more than 10 kiloparsecs) outside the starburst galaxies (which have radii of less than 1 kiloparsec). We show that the galactic winds sustain turbulence in the 10-kiloparsec-scale environments of the galaxies, processing these environments into multiphase, gravitationally bound reservoirs. However, the mass outflow rates are found to be insufficient to balance the star-formation rates. Another mass input is therefore required for these reservoirs, which could be provided by ongoing mergers or cold-stream accretion. Our results suggest that galactic feedback, coupled jointly to turbulence and gravity, extends the starburst phase of a galaxy instead of quenching it.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Falgarone
- LERMA/LRA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole normale supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M A Zwaan
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - B Godard
- LERMA/LRA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole normale supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E Bergin
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - R J Ivison
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - P M Andreani
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - A Omont
- IAP, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 75014 Paris, France
| | - I Oteo
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - F Walter
- Max Planck Institute für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
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Parikka A, Habart E, Bernard-Salas J, Goicoechea JR, Abergel A, Pilleri P, Dartois E, Joblin C, Gerin M, Godard B. Spatial distribution of FIR rotationally excited CH + and OH emission lines in the Orion Bar PDR. Astron Astrophys 2017; 599:A20. [PMID: 28260804 PMCID: PMC5334792 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The methylidyne cation (CH+) and hydroxyl (OH) are key molecules in the warm interstellar chemistry, but their formation and excitation mechanisms are not well understood. Their abundance and excitation are predicted to be enhanced by the presence of vibrationally excited H2 or hot gas (~500-1000 K) in photodissociation regions with high incident FUV radiation field. The excitation may also originate in dense gas (> 105 cm-3) followed by nonreactive collisions with H2, H, and electrons. Previous observations of the Orion Bar suggest that the rotationally excited CH+ and OH correlate with the excited CO, a tracer of dense and warm gas, and formation pumping contributes to CH+ excitation. AIMS Our goal is to examine the spatial distribution of the rotationally excited CH+ and OH emission lines in the Orion Bar in order to establish their physical origin and main formation and excitation mechanisms. METHODS We present spatially sampled maps of the CH+ J=3-2 transition at 119.8 µm and the OH Λ-doublet at 84 µm in the Orion Bar over an area of 110″×110″ with Herschel (PACS). We compare the spatial distribution of these molecules with those of their chemical precursors, C+, O and H2, and tracers of warm and dense gas (high-J CO). We assess the spatial variation of CH+ J=2-1 velocity-resolved line profile at 1669 GHz with Herschel HIFI spectrometer observations. RESULTS The OH and especially CH+ lines correlate well with the high-J CO emission and delineate the warm and dense molecular region at the edge of the Bar. While notably similar, the differences in the CH+ and OH morphologies indicate that CH+ formation and excitation are strongly related to the observed vibrationally excited H2. This, together with the observed broad CH+ line widths, indicates that formation pumping contributes to the excitation of this reactive molecular ion. Interestingly, the peak of the rotationally excited OH 84 µm emission coincides with a bright young object, proplyd 244-440, which shows that OH can be an excellent tracer of UV-irradiated dense gas. CONCLUSIONS The spatial distribution of CH+ and OH revealed in our maps is consistent with previous modeling studies. Both formation pumping and nonreactive collisions in a UV-irradiated dense gas are important CH+ J=3-2 excitation processes. The excitation of the OH Λ-doublet at 84 µm is mainly sensitive to the temperature and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parikka
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - E Habart
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - J Bernard-Salas
- Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - J R Goicoechea
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Abergel
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - P Pilleri
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - E Dartois
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - C Joblin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M Gerin
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, 75014 Paris; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris
| | - B Godard
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, 75014 Paris; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris
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Indriolo N, Neufeld DA, Gerin M, Schilke P, Benz AO, Winkel B, Menten KM, Chambers ET, Black JH, Bruderer S, Falgarone E, Godard B, Goicoechea JR, Gupta H, Lis DC, Ossenkopf V, Persson CM, Sonnentrucker P, van der Tak FFS, van Dishoeck EF, Wolfire MG, Wyrowski F. HERSCHELSURVEY OF GALACTIC OH+, H2O+, AND H3O+: PROBING THE MOLECULAR HYDROGEN FRACTION AND COSMIC-RAY IONIZATION RATE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/800/1/40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stenne R, Hurlimann T, Godard B. Benefits associated with nutrigenomics research and their reporting in the scientific literature: researchers' perspectives. Account Res 2014; 20:167-83. [PMID: 23672589 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2013.788381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics (NGx) are fields of research that have raised significant expectations about their potential benefits. This article presents empirical data from an online survey seeking the opinions of NGx researchers (n=126) regarding the achievability of the potential benefits of NGx, the time envisioned for their realization, the motives that may lead to their explicit mention in scientific peer-reviewed articles and the audience(s) targeted by NGx researchers when reporting their results in such articles. Results show that caution should be taken to avoid the risks associated with biohype and the premature dissemination of the potential benefits of NGx among various audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stenne
- OMICS-ETHICS, Research Group, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Hurlimann T, Menuz V, Graham J, Robitaille J, Vohl MC, Godard B. Risks of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics? What the scientists say. Genes Nutr 2013; 9:370. [PMID: 24293399 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics (hereafter NGx) have stimulated expectations for beneficial applications in public health and individuals. Yet, the potential achievability of such promise is not without socioethical considerations that challenge NGx implementation. This paper focuses on the opinions of NGx researchers about potential risks raised by NGx. The results of an online survey show that these researchers (n = 126) are fairly confident about the potential benefits of NGx, and that most downplay its potential risks. Researchers in this field do not believe that NGx will reconfigure foods as medication or transform the conception of eating into a health hazard. The majority think that NGx will produce no added burden on individuals to get tested or to remain compliant with NGx recommendations, nor that NGx will threaten individual autonomy in daily food choice. The majority of researchers do not think that NGx will lead to discrimination against and/or stigmatization of people who do not comply with NGx dietary recommendations. Despite this optimism among NGx researchers, we suggest that key risk factors raised by the socioethical context in which NGx applications will be implemented need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hurlimann
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bioethics Programmes, School of Public Health (ESPUM), University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Gerin M, Levrier F, Falgarone E, Godard B, Hennebelle P, Le Petit F, De Luca M, Neufeld D, Sonnentrucker P, Goldsmith P, Flagey N, Lis DC, Persson CM, Black JH, Goicoechea JR, Menten KM. Hydride spectroscopy of the diffuse interstellar medium: new clues on the gas fraction in molecular form and cosmic ray ionization rate in relation to H3+. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2012; 370:5174-5185. [PMID: 23028164 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Herschel-guaranteed time key programme PRobing InterStellar Molecules with Absorption line Studies (PRISMAS)(1) is providing a survey of the interstellar hydrides containing the elements C, O, N, F and Cl. As the building blocks of interstellar molecules, hydrides provide key information on their formation pathways. They can also be used as tracers of important physical and chemical properties of the interstellar gas that are difficult to measure otherwise. This paper presents an analysis of two sight-lines investigated by the PRISMAS project, towards the star-forming regions W49N and W51. By combining the information extracted from the detected spectral lines, we present an analysis of the physical properties of the diffuse interstellar gas, including the electron abundance, the fraction of gas in molecular form, and constraints on the cosmic ray ionization rate and the gas density.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerin
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS UMR8112 and ENS, Paris, France.
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Hurlimann T, Stenne R, Menuz V, Godard B. Inclusion and exclusion in nutrigenetics clinical research: ethical and scientific challenges. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2012; 4:322-43. [PMID: 22301706 DOI: 10.1159/000334853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There are compelling reasons to ensure the participation of ethnic minorities and populations of all ages worldwide in nutrigenetics clinical research. If findings in such research are valid for some individuals, groups, or communities, and not for others, then ethical questions of justice--and not only issues of methodology and external validity--arise. This paper aims to examine inclusion in nutrigenetics clinical research and its scientific and ethical challenges. METHODS In total, 173 publications were identified through a systematic review of clinical studies in nutrigenetics published between 1998 and 2007. Data such as participants' demographics as well as eligibility criteria were extracted. RESULTS There is no consistency in the way participants' origins (ancestry, ethnicity, or race) and ages are described in publications. A vast majority of the studies identified was conducted in North America and Europe and focused on 'white' participants. Our results show that pregnant women (and fetuses), minors, and the elderly (≥ 75 years old) remain underrepresented. CONCLUSION Representativeness in nutrigenetics research is a challenging ethical and scientific issue. Yet, if nutrigenetics is to benefit whole populations and be used in public and global health agendas, fair representation as well as clear descriptions of participants in publications are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hurlimann
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bioethics Programmes, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Que., Canada
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Knoppers B, Leroux T, Doucet H, Godard B, Laberge C, Stanton-Jean M, Fortin S, Cousineau J, Monardes C, Girard N, Levesque L, Durand C, Farmer Y, Dion-Labrie M, Bouthillier ME, Avard D. Framing Genomics, Public Health Research and Policy: Points to Consider. Public Health Genomics 2010; 13:224-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000279624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Godard B, Marshall J, Laberge C, Knoppers BM. Strategies for consulting with the community: the cases of four large-scale genetic databases. Sci Eng Ethics 2004; 10:457-477. [PMID: 15362702 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-004-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genetic databases are being developed in several countries around the world. However, these databases depend on public participation and acquiescence. In the past, information campaigns have been waged and little attention has been paid to dialogue. Nowadays, it is important to include the public in the development of scientific research and to encourage a free, open and useful dialogue among those involved. This paper is a review of community consultation strategies as part of four proposed large-scale genetic databases in Iceland, Estonia, United Kingdom and Quebec. The Iceland Health Sector Database and Estonian Genome Project have followed a "communication approach" in order to address public concerns, whereas, UK Biobank and Quebec CARTaGENE have chosen a "partnership approach" to involve the public in decision-making processes. Following a comparison of community consultation strategies, the main concerns of the public are examined as well as the challenges of involving communities. Importantly, reported across all groups is the concern for confidentiality, respect of the individual, transparency, and the donor's right to access to their own result. However, even if researchers demonstrate a willingness to respect values such as fair representation, transparency and accountability, there is still a risk that the public will mistrust researchers and simply will not participate in sufficient numbers. Complications may arise when individual and community interests conflicts. The implementation of a partnership approach is definitely involving and costly; however, if used properly, this method can improve both participation and so database development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Godard
- University of Montreal, Faculty of Medicine, Bioethics Programs, QC, Canada.
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Godard B, Foulkes WD, Provencher D, Brunet JS, Tonin PN, Mes-Masson AM, Narod SA, Ghadirian P. Risk factors for familial and sporadic ovarian cancer among French Canadians: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179:403-10. [PMID: 9731846 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare risk factors between familial and sporadic ovarian cancer by means of a case-control approach. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a case-control study among French Canadian women in Montreal during 1995-1996. One hundred seventy women 20 to 84 years old with histologically confirmed diagnoses of primary ovarian carcinomas or borderline tumors were interviewed concerning their reproductive, family, and medical histories. During the same period 170 randomly selected population control subjects, frequency-matched to the case patients according to age and ethnic group, were also interviewed. Unconditional logistic regression methods were used for data analysis. RESULTS The major factors influencing the risk of development of ovarian cancer were as follows: (1) family history of breast or ovarian cancer, (2) a late age at use of oral contraceptives (a protective effect), and (3) a late age at last childbirth (a protective effect for familial case patients only). CONCLUSION These factors had equally great impacts in familial and sporadic cases, implying that the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis in sporadic and familial ovarian cancer may be similar and that hereditary ovarian cancer may be preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Godard
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Research Centre, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Godard B, Knoppers BM, Glass K, Grenon M, Bouchard R, Bouvier M, Goulet J, Gauvreau D. Ethical issues involved in establishing a registry for familial Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1994; 8:79-93. [PMID: 8060610 DOI: 10.1097/00002093-199408020-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In January 1992, the IMAGE Project extended the establishment of its registry of familial Alzheimer cases to all areas of the province of Quebec, for collection of epidemiological and clinical data, as well as biological samples. The aim is to study genetic transmission patterns of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to provide a sampling framework for further etiologic and risk factor studies. The IMAGE registry already includes data of a population-based study in the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean area; the project to collect data on familial AD (FAD) cases across the province of Quebec is known as the ALGENE Initiative. The registry is thus a collection of "AD families" for both familial and sporadic cases. The establishment of the registry involves several steps in the field work: recruitment and selection of families; collection of information on family medical history; selection of informative families and genetic testing for AD/FAD by linkage analysis. As AD is not homogeneous in its etiology and since we do not know if, in the event that genetics is involved in AD whether or not penetrance of the gene(s) is high, we must be aware of the "genetic horizons" of AD in collecting and conserving data on families of cases, and in the genetic testing for AD/FAD by linkage analysis. Families who choose genetic testing must be aware of the implications of our undertaking, assured of the confidentiality of the test and, at the same time, they must understand its limitations. The experimental nature of our research project raises ethical dilemmas. This article examines these initial considerations of the field work involved in developing a registry pertaining to genetic testing for AD/FAD by linkage analysis and offers some preliminary observations on the experience of the first year of this project.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Godard
- Unité Interdisciplinaire du Projet IMAGE, Centre Hospitalier Côtes-des-Neiges, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Renault G, Raynal E, Sinet M, Muffat-Joly M, Vallois JM, Berthier JP, Cornillault J, Godard B. Cardiac metabolism monitored by fiberoptic laser fluorimeter. Am Heart J 1984; 108:428-9. [PMID: 6464984 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Renault G, Raynal E, Sinet M, Muffat-Joly M, Berthier JP, Cornillault J, Godard B, Pocidalo JJ. In situ double-beam NADH laser fluorimetry: choice of a reference wavelength. Am J Physiol 1984; 246:H491-9. [PMID: 6720908 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1984.246.4.h491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A double-beam laser fluorimeter, using a single optical fiber to guide the lights, was constructed for in situ and on-line monitoring of NADH concentration [( NADH]) from normally blood-perfused living tissues. The device was tested on an isolated blood-perfused rat heart system to determine the most efficient reference wavelength for the compensation of the hemodynamic artifact induced by blood circulation in the tissues on the fluorescence measure; 586 nm was found to be an accurate reference wavelength, and a mathematical relationship was established that allowed the digital treatment of the measured fluorescence to give a signal (compensated fluorescence) that varied only with [NADH] in the volume of tissue investigated.
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Clot J, Bousquet J, Simonnet F, Godard B, Michel FB. [Bronchial lymphocyte populations]. Nouv Presse Med 1979; 8:2063-4. [PMID: 314096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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