1
|
van Gelder MK, Vollenbroek JC, Lentferink BH, Hazenbrink DHM, Besseling PJ, Simonis F, Giovanella S, Ligabue G, Bajo Rubio MA, Cappelli G, Joles JA, Verhaar MC, Gerritsen KGF. Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1422-1428. [PMID: 34251693 PMCID: PMC8597045 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for the development of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is the removal of urea from the spent dialysate, as urea is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production and is difficult to adsorb. Here we present results on glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during electrooxidation (EO), a technique that applies a current to the dialysate to convert urea into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas. Uremic plasma and peritoneal effluent were dialyzed for 8 hours with a WAK with and without EO‐based dialysate regeneration. Samples were taken regularly during treatment. GDPs (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3‐deoxyglucosone) were measured in EO‐ and non‐EO‐treated fluids. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO. EO for dialysate regeneration in a WAK is currently not safe due to the generation of GDPs which are not biocompatible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike K van Gelder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C Vollenbroek
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Babette H Lentferink
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diënty H M Hazenbrink
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Besseling
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Silvia Giovanella
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Ligabue
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria A Bajo Rubio
- Nephrology Service, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital and IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianni Cappelli
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin G F Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Estévez V, Van Baelen G, Lentferink BH, Vlaar T, Janssen E, Maes BUW, Orru RVA, Ruijter E. Synthesis of Pyridopyrimidines by Palladium-Catalyzed Isocyanide Insertion. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400926z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Estévez
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gitte Van Baelen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Babette H. Lentferink
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjøstil Vlaar
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin Janssen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic
Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|