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Abstract
Outcomes after lung transplantation are limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). The incidence of CLAD is high, and its clinical course tends to be progressive over time, culminating in graft failure and death. Indeed, CLAD is the leading cause of death beyond the first year after lung transplantation. Therapy for CLAD has been limited by a lack of high-quality studies to guide management. In this review, we will discuss the diagnosis of CLAD in light of the recent changes to definitions and will discuss the current clinical evidence available for treatment. Recently, the diagnosis of CLAD has been subdivided into bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). The current evidence for treatment of CLAD mainly revolves around treatment of BOS with more limited data existing for RAS. The best supported treatment to date for CLAD is the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin which has been associated with a small improvement in lung function in a minority of patients. Other therapies that have more limited data include switching immunosuppression from cyclosporine to tacrolimus, fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux, montelukast, extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP), aerosolized cyclosporine, cytolytic anti-lymphocyte therapies, total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) and the antifibrotic agent pirfenidone. Most of these treatments are supported by case series and observational studies. Finally, we will discuss the role of retransplantation for CLAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Bedair
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ramsey R Hachem
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
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Tague LK, Bedair B, Witt C, Byers DE, Vazquez-Guillamet R, Kulkarni H, Alexander-Brett J, Nava R, Puri V, Kreisel D, Trulock EP, Gelman A, Hachem RR. Lung protective ventilation based on donor size is associated with a lower risk of severe primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:1212-1222. [PMID: 34353713 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation immediately after lung transplantation may impact the development of primary graft dysfunction (PGD), particularly in cases of donor-recipient size mismatch as ventilation is typically based on recipient rather than donor size. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult bilateral lung transplant recipients at our center between January 2010 and January 2017. We defined donor-based lung protective ventilation (dLPV) as 6 to 8 ml/kg of donor ideal body weight and plateau pressure <30 cm H2O. We calculated the donor-recipient predicted total lung capacity (pTLC) ratio and used logistic regression to examine relationships between pTLC ratio, dLPV and PGD grade 3 at 48 to 72 hours. We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to examine the relationship between pTLC ratio, dLPV and 1-year survival. RESULTS The cohort included 373 recipients; 24 (6.4%) developed PGD grade 3 at 48 to 72 hours, and 213 (57.3%) received dLPV. Mean pTLC ratio was 1.04 ± 0.18. dLPV was associated with significantly lower risks of PGD grade 3 (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.29-0.68, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (HR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.29-0.8, p = 0.018). There was a significant association between pTLC ratio and the risk of PGD grade 3, but this was attenuated by the use of dLPV. CONCLUSIONS dLPV is associated with decreased risk of PGD grade 3 at 48 to 72 hours and decreased 1-year mortality. Additionally, dLPV attenuates the association between pTLC and both PGD grade 3 and 1-year mortality. Donor-based ventilation strategies may help to mitigate the risk of PGD and other adverse outcomes associated with size mismatch after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laneshia K Tague
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Bahaa Bedair
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Chad Witt
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derek E Byers
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rodrigo Vazquez-Guillamet
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hrishikesh Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Alexander-Brett
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ruben Nava
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Varun Puri
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elbert P Trulock
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew Gelman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ramsey R Hachem
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Bedair B, Witt C, Byers D, Kulkarni H, Alexander-Brett J, Tague L, Nava R, Puri V, Kreisel D, Trulock E, Hachem R. Lung Protective Ventilation and Primary Graft Dysfunction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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