Low elevation of Svalbard glaciers drives high mass loss variability

Compared to other Arctic ice masses, Svalbard glaciers are low-elevated with flat interior accumulation areas, resulting in a marked peak in their current hypsometry (area-elevation distribution) at  ~450 m above sea level. Since summer melt consistently exceeds winter snowfall, these low-lying glaciers can only survive by refreezing a considerable fraction of surface melt and rain in the porous firn layer covering their accumulation zones. We use a high-resolution climate model to show that modest atmospheric warming in the mid-1980s forced the firn zone to retreat upward by  ~100 m to coincide with the hypsometry peak. This led to a rapid areal reduction of firn cover available for refreezing, and strongly increased runoff from dark, bare ice areas, amplifying mass loss from all elevations. As the firn line fluctuates around the hypsometry peak in the current climate, Svalbard glaciers will continue to lose mass and show high sensitivity to temperature perturbations.

Svalbard glaciers are among the lowest ice masses in the Arctic, with a peak in glacier area below 450 m elevation. Using a high-resolution climate model, here the authors show that a modest warming in the mid-1980s propagated meltwater runoff above the glacier area peak, amplifying Svalbard mass loss from all elevations.

Discovery of a Glass Splinter in the Abdominal Cavity After an Old Impalement Injury: A Case Report and Literature Review

Patient: Female, 52-year-old

Final Diagnosis: Foreign body in the abdominal cavity

Symptoms: Abdominal pain • hip pain

Medication:—

Clinical Procedure: Laparotomy

Specialty: Surgery

Neck trauma complicated by thyroid damage and pleural hematoma - literature review and personal case

Damage to the thyroid due to blunt neck injury is rare. About half of the described cases occurred in the thyroid with pathological changes. They are usually associated with large hematomas of the neck that cause respiratory failure. We present a case of a patient whose thyroid injury caused rupture of the left thyroid lobe with a hematoma of the mediastinum and right pleural cavity.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy techniques in thyroid pathologies--a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

To review different sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) techniques in patients with thyroid neoplasm. We also compared the detection rates of the different detection methods in these patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Medline database from 1998 until December 2010 was searched for the following terms: thyroid cancer, thyroid neoplasm, and sentinel lymph node. Studies in which sentinel lymph nodes were detected by the blue dye technique and/or by a radiotracer in patients with suspected thyroid cancer were analysed.

RESULTS

Twenty five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Based on the technique used for sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection, the included studies were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of studies in which only the blue dye technique was used to detect SLNs. Group 2 was made up of studies in which the radioisotope technique was used. Studies in which both techniques were used were grouped into Group 3. There were 18 studies in which the blue dye technique was used to detect SLNs (Group 1), four studies in which only the radioisotope technique was used to detect SLNs (Group 2), and only two studies where both techniques were used (Group 3). Among 891 patients from Group 1, SLN was found in 740 (83.1%) patients. Detection rates in these studies were very different and varied from 0% to 95.5%. Among 160 patients from Group 2, SLN was detected in 158 (98.8%). In the third group of patients, in which both methods were performed, SLN was found in 48 (98%) of 49 patients. Detection rates in those studies were very high (100% and 97.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis proved that SLNB is, technically, fairly easy to perform. However, nodal metastases are of debatable prognostic value in thyroid cancer, so the clinical value of SLNB remains to be proven. It seems reasonable to perform further, prospective studies on larger groups of patients, in which both techniques would be used. They should compare the efficiency of SLNB with elective or selective central lymphadenectomy in reducing local recurrence rates.