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Alfazema N, Barrier M, de Procé SM, Menzies RI, Carter R, Stewart K, Diaz AG, Moyon B, Webster Z, Bellamy COC, Arends MJ, Stimson RH, Morton NM, Aitman TJ, Coan PM. Camk2n1 Is a Negative Regulator of Blood Pressure, Left Ventricular Mass, Insulin Sensitivity, and Promotes Adiposity. Hypertension 2019; 74:687-696. [PMID: 31327268 PMCID: PMC6686962 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Metabolic syndrome is a cause of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Camk2n1 resides in genomic loci for blood pressure, left ventricle mass, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of metabolic syndrome, Camk2n1 expression is cis-regulated in left ventricle and fat and positively correlates with adiposity. Therefore, we knocked out Camk2n1 in spontaneously hypertensive rat to investigate its role in metabolic syndrome. Compared with spontaneously hypertensive rat, Camk2n1−/− rats had reduced cardiorenal CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activity, lower blood pressure, enhanced nitric oxide bioavailability, and reduced left ventricle mass associated with altered hypertrophic networks. Camk2n1 deficiency reduced insulin resistance, visceral fat, and adipogenic capacity through the altered cell cycle and complement pathways, independent of CaMKII. In human visceral fat, CAMK2N1 expression correlated with adiposity and genomic variants that increase CAMK2N1 expression associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Camk2n1 regulates multiple networks that control metabolic syndrome traits and merits further investigation as a therapeutic target in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neza Alfazema
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Marjorie Barrier
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Sophie Marion de Procé
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Robert I Menzies
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Roderick Carter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Kevin Stewart
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Ana Garcia Diaz
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.G.D., B.M., Z.W.)
| | - Ben Moyon
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.G.D., B.M., Z.W.)
| | - Zoe Webster
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.G.D., B.M., Z.W.)
| | - Christopher O C Bellamy
- Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Centre, United Kingdom (C.O.C.B., M.J.A.)
| | - Mark J Arends
- Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Centre, United Kingdom (C.O.C.B., M.J.A.)
| | - Roland H Stimson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Philip M Coan
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
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Coan PM, Barrier M, Alfazema N, Carter RN, Marion de Procé S, Dopico XC, Garcia Diaz A, Thomson A, Jackson-Jones LH, Moyon B, Webster Z, Ross D, Moss J, Arends MJ, Morton NM, Aitman TJ. Complement Factor B Is a Determinant of Both Metabolic and Cardiovascular Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Hypertension 2017; 70:HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09242. [PMID: 28739975 PMCID: PMC5548512 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CFB (complement factor B) is elevated in adipose tissue and serum from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, but the causal relationship to disease pathogenesis is unclear. Cfb is also elevated in adipose tissue and serum of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, a well-characterized model of metabolic syndrome. To establish the role of CFB in metabolic syndrome, we knocked out the Cfb gene in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cfb-/- rats showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, redistribution of visceral to subcutaneous fat, increased adipocyte mitochondrial respiration, and marked changes in gene expression. Cfb-/- rats also had lower blood pressure, increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and reduced left ventricular mass. These changes in metabolism and gene expression, in adipose tissue and left ventricle, suggest new adipose tissue-intrinsic and blood pressure-independent mechanisms for insulin resistance and cardiac hypertrophy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. In silico analysis of the human CFB locus revealed 2 cis-regulated expression quantitative trait loci for CFB expression significantly associated with visceral fat, circulating triglycerides and hypertension in genome-wide association studies. Together, these data demonstrate a key role for CFB in the development of spontaneously hypertensive rat metabolic syndrome phenotypes and of related traits in humans and indicate the potential for CFB as a novel target for treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Coan
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.).
| | - Marjorie Barrier
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Neza Alfazema
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Roderick N Carter
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Sophie Marion de Procé
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Xaquin C Dopico
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Ana Garcia Diaz
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Adrian Thomson
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Lucy H Jackson-Jones
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Ben Moyon
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Zoe Webster
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - David Ross
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Julie Moss
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Mark J Arends
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- From the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., S.M.P., X.C.D., D.R., J.M., T.J.A.); British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (P.M.C., M.B., N.A., R.N.C., A.T., L.H.J.-J., N.M.M., T.J.A.) and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (X.C.D.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (A.G.D., T.J.A) and Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (B.M., Z.W.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, United Kingdom (M.J.A.)
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5
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Behmoaras J, Diaz AG, Venda L, Ko JH, Srivastava P, Montoya A, Faull P, Webster Z, Moyon B, Pusey CD, Abraham DJ, Petretto E, Cook TH, Aitman TJ. Macrophage epoxygenase determines a profibrotic transcriptome signature. J Immunol 2015; 194:4705-4716. [PMID: 25840911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epoxygenases belong to the cytochrome P450 family. They generate epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which are known to have anti-inflammatory effects, but little is known about their role in macrophage function. By high-throughput sequencing of RNA in primary macrophages derived from rodents and humans, we establish the relative expression of epoxygenases in these cells. Zinc-finger nuclease-mediated targeted gene deletion of the major rat macrophage epoxygenase Cyp2j4 (ortholog of human CYP2J2) resulted in reduced epoxyeicosatrienoic acid synthesis. Cyp2j4(-/-) macrophages have relatively increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ levels and show a profibrotic transcriptome, displaying overexpression of a specific subset of genes (260 transcripts) primarily involved in extracellular matrix, with fibronectin being the most abundantly expressed transcript. Fibronectin expression is under the control of epoxygenase activity in human and rat primary macrophages. In keeping with the in vitro findings, Cyp2j4(-/-) rats show upregulation of type I collagen following unilateral ureter obstruction of the kidney, and quantitative proteomics analysis (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) showed increased renal type I collagen and fibronectin protein abundance resulting from experimentally induced crescentic glomerulonephritis in these rats. Taken together, these results identify the rat epoxygenase Cyp2j4 as a determinant of a profibrotic macrophage transcriptome that could have implications in various inflammatory conditions, depending on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Ana Garcia Diaz
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lara Venda
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jeong-Hun Ko
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Prashant Srivastava
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK and Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore. 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alex Montoya
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Laboratory, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter Faull
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Laboratory, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Zoe Webster
- ES Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Moyon
- ES Cell and Transgenics Facility, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology & Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK and Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore. 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Terence H Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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