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Nistanaki SK, Williams CG, Wigman B, Wong JJ, Haas BC, Popov S, Werth J, Sigman MS, Houk KN, Nelson HM. Catalytic asymmetric C-H insertion reactions of vinyl carbocations. Science 2022; 378:1085-1091. [PMID: 36480623 PMCID: PMC9993429 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From the preparation of pharmaceuticals to enzymatic construction of natural products, carbocations are central to molecular synthesis. Although these reactive intermediates are engaged in stereoselective processes in nature, exerting enantiocontrol over carbocations with synthetic catalysts remains challenging. Many resonance-stabilized tricoordinated carbocations, such as iminium and oxocarbenium ions, have been applied in catalytic enantioselective reactions. However, their dicoordinated counterparts (aryl and vinyl carbocations) have not, despite their emerging utility in chemical synthesis. We report the discovery of a highly enantioselective vinyl carbocation carbon-hydrogen (C-H) insertion reaction enabled by imidodiphosphorimidate organocatalysts. Active site confinement featured in this catalyst class not only enables effective enantiocontrol but also expands the scope of vinyl cation C-H insertion chemistry, which broadens the utility of this transition metal-free C(sp3)-H functionalization platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepand K Nistanaki
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chloe G Williams
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin Wigman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan J Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brittany C Haas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Stasik Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Wigman B, Lee W, Wei W, Houk KN, Nelson HM. Electrochemical Fluorination of Vinyl Boronates through Donor-Stabilized Vinyl Carbocation Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113972. [PMID: 35029844 PMCID: PMC8901537 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical generation of vinyl carbocations from alkenyl boronic esters and boronates is reported. Using easy-to-handle nucleophilic fluoride reagents, these intermediates are trapped to form fully substituted vinyl fluorides. Mechanistic studies support the formation of dicoordinated carbocations through sequential single-electron oxidation events. Notably, this electrochemical fluorination features fast reaction times and Lewis acid-free conditions. This transformation provides a complementary method to access vinyl fluorides with simple fluoride salts such as TBAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wigman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Ball-Jones NR, Cobo AA, Armstrong BM, Wigman B, Fettinger JC, Hein JE, Franz AK. Ligand-Accelerated Catalysis in Scandium(III)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Spiroannulation Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R. Ball-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Angel A. Cobo
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Benjamin Wigman
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Annaliese K. Franz
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Wigman B, Lee W, Wei W, Houk KN, Nelson HM. Electrochemical Fluorination of Vinyl Boronates through Donor‐Stabilized Vinyl Carbocation Intermediates**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wigman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Hosea M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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Nelson HM, Popov S, Shao B, Bagdasarian AL, Wigman B. C–H Functionalization Reactions of Phenyl and Vinyl Carbocations Paired with Weakly Coordinating Anions. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbocations have played a central role in the chemical sciences for over a century. In a synthetic setting, most methods utilize stabilized tricoordinate carbocations, while there are far fewer examples of reactions featuring nonstabilized dicoordinate cations. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the generation of high-energy carbocations mediated by weakly coordinating anions and the C–H insertion reactions of such carbocations. Moreover, we discuss mechanistic studies of these catalytic C–H insertion reactions aimed at furthering our understanding of the reactive nature of these rarely invoked cationic intermediates.1 Introduction2 Background: Phenyl Carbocations3 Silylium/Carborane-Catalyzed C–H Insertion Reactions of Phenyl Carbocations4 Silane-Fueled, Weakly Coordinating Anion-Catalyzed, Reductive C–H Insertion Reactions of Vinyl Carbocations5 C–H Insertion Reactivity of Vinyl Carbocations under Basic Conditions6 Conclusion and Outlook
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosea M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California
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Bagdasarian AL, Popov S, Wigman B, Wei W, Lee W, Nelson HM. Urea-Catalyzed Vinyl Carbocation Formation Enables Mild Functionalization of Unactivated C-H Bonds. Org Lett 2020; 22:7775-7779. [PMID: 32558583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the 3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl urea-catalyzed functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds. In this system, the urea catalyst mediates the formation of high-energy vinyl carbocations that undergo facile C-H insertion and Friedel-Crafts reactions. We introduce a new paradigm for these privileged scaffolds where the combination of hydrogen-bonding motifs and strong bases affords highly active Lewis acid catalysts capable of ionizing strong C-O bonds. Despite the highly Lewis-acidic nature of these catalysts that enables triflate abstraction from sp2 carbons, these newly found reaction conditions allow for the formation of heterocycles and tolerate highly Lewis-basic heteroaromatic substrates. This strategy showcases the potential utility of dicoordinated vinyl carbocations in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Bagdasarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Stasik Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Benjamin Wigman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Wigman B, Popov S, Bagdasarian AL, Shao B, Benton TR, Williams CG, Fisher SP, Lavallo V, Houk KN, Nelson HM. Vinyl Carbocations Generated under Basic Conditions and Their Intramolecular C-H Insertion Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9140-9144. [PMID: 31082208 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the surprising discovery that high-energy vinyl carbocations can be generated under strongly basic conditions, and that they engage in intramolecular sp3 C-H insertion reactions through the catalysis of weakly coordinating anion salts. This approach relies on the unconventional combination of lithium hexamethyldisilazide base and the commercially available catalyst, triphenylmethylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. These reagents form a catalytically active lithium species that enables the application of vinyl cation C-H insertion reactions to heteroatom-containing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wigman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Stasik Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Alex L Bagdasarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Brian Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Tyler R Benton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Chloé G Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Steven P Fisher
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Vincent Lavallo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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