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Cabbage and fermented vegetables: From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19. Allergy 2021; 76:735-750. [PMID: 32762135 PMCID: PMC7436771 DOI: 10.1111/all.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Large differences in COVID‐19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS‐CoV‐2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID‐19. The nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT1R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof‐of‐concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2‐associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID‐19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bousquet
- Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Berlin Institute of HealthComprehensive Allergy Center Berlin Germany
- MACVIA‐France and CHU Montpellier France
| | - Josep M. Anto
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) ISGlobAL Barcelona Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital Helsinki University Hospital University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Susana C. Fonseca
- Faculty of Sciences GreenUPorto ‐ Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre DGAOTUniversity of Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences Federico II University Napoli Italy
| | - Hubert Blain
- Department of Geriatrics Montpellier University hospital and MUSE Montpellier France
| | - Alain Vidal
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Geneva Switzerland
- AgroParisTech ‐ Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences Paris France
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute University of Edinburgh Scotland, UK
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Berlin Institute of HealthComprehensive Allergy Center Berlin Germany
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