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Ding X, Onoue M, Silverman JD, Matsuoka Y, Izumi T, Strauss MA, Jahnke K, Phillips CL, Li J, Volonteri M, Haiman Z, Andika IT, Aoki K, Baba S, Bieri R, Bosman SEI, Bottrell C, Eilers AC, Fujimoto S, Habouzit M, Imanishi M, Inayoshi K, Iwasawa K, Kashikawa N, Kawaguchi T, Kohno K, Lee CH, Lupi A, Lyu J, Nagao T, Overzier R, Schindler JT, Schramm M, Shimasaku K, Toba Y, Trakhtenbrot B, Trebitsch M, Treu T, Umehata H, Venemans BP, Vestergaard M, Walter F, Wang F, Yang J. Detection of stellar light from quasar host galaxies at redshifts above 6. Nature 2023; 621:51-55. [PMID: 37380029 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The detection of starlight from the host galaxies of quasars during the reionization epoch (z > 6) has been elusive, even with deep Hubble Space Telescope observations1,2. The current highest redshift quasar host detected3, at z = 4.5, required the magnifying effect of a foreground lensing galaxy. Low-luminosity quasars4-6 from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP)7 mitigate the challenge of detecting their underlying, previously undetected host galaxies. Here we report rest-frame optical images and spectroscopy of two HSC-SSP quasars at z > 6 with the JWST. Using near-infrared camera imaging at 3.6 and 1.5 μm and subtracting the light from the unresolved quasars, we find that the host galaxies are massive (stellar masses of 13 × and 3.4 × 1010 M☉, respectively), compact and disc-like. Near-infrared spectroscopy at medium resolution shows stellar absorption lines in the more massive quasar, confirming the detection of the host. Velocity-broadened gas in the vicinity of these quasars enables measurements of their black hole masses (1.4 × 109 and 2.0 × 108 M☉, respectively). Their location in the black hole mass-stellar mass plane is consistent with the distribution at low redshift, suggesting that the relation between black holes and their host galaxies was already in place less than a billion years after the Big Bang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuheng Ding
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Masafusa Onoue
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - John D Silverman
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Matsuoka
- Research Center for Space and Cosmic Evolution, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takuma Izumi
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa, Mitaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Michael A Strauss
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Knud Jahnke
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Camryn L Phillips
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Junyao Li
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marta Volonteri
- Institute of Astrophysics of Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Zoltan Haiman
- Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irham Taufik Andika
- Physics Department, Technical University of München, Garching bei München, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Kentaro Aoki
- Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Shunsuke Baba
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rebekka Bieri
- Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Connor Bottrell
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Fujimoto
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Melanie Habouzit
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg (ITA), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Imanishi
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa, Mitaka, Japan
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Inayoshi
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kazushi Iwasawa
- Institute of Sciences of the Cosmos (ICCUB), University of Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nobunari Kashikawa
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Economics, Management and Information Science, Onomichi City University, Onomichi, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kohno
- Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alessandro Lupi
- 'G. Occhialini' Physics Department, University of Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Jianwei Lyu
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tohru Nagao
- Research Center for Space and Cosmic Evolution, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Roderik Overzier
- Observatoryl/MCTI, Rua General José Cristino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kazuhiro Shimasaku
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Toba
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa, Mitaka, Japan
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Maxime Trebitsch
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Treu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hideki Umehata
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bram P Venemans
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Vestergaard
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Fabian Walter
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Feige Wang
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jinyi Yang
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Ricci C, Trakhtenbrot B, Koss MJ, Ueda Y, Schawinski K, Oh K, Lamperti I, Mushotzky R, Treister E, Ho LC, Weigel A, Bauer FE, Paltani S, Fabian AC, Xie Y, Gehrels N. The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback. Nature 2017; 549:488-491. [PMID: 28959966 DOI: 10.1038/nature23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the accreting supermassive black holes in the Universe are obscured by large columns of gas and dust. The location and evolution of this obscuring material have been the subject of intense research in the past decades, and are still debated. A decrease in the covering factor of the circumnuclear material with increasing accretion rates has been found by studies across the electromagnetic spectrum. The origin of this trend may be driven by the increase in the inner radius of the obscuring material with incident luminosity, which arises from the sublimation of dust; by the gravitational potential of the black hole; by radiative feedback; or by the interplay between outflows and inflows. However, the lack of a large, unbiased and complete sample of accreting black holes, with reliable information on gas column density, luminosity and mass, has left the main physical mechanism that regulates obscuration unclear. Here we report a systematic multi-wavelength survey of hard-X-ray-selected black holes that reveals that radiative feedback on dusty gas is the main physical mechanism that regulates the distribution of the circumnuclear material. Our results imply that the bulk of the obscuring dust and gas is located within a few to tens of parsecs of the accreting supermassive black hole (within the sphere of influence of the black hole), and that it can be swept away even at low radiative output rates. The main physical driver of the differences between obscured and unobscured accreting black holes is therefore their mass-normalized accretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ricci
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile.,Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy and China-Chile Joint Center for Astronomy, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Benny Trakhtenbrot
- Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Koss
- Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,Eureka Scientific Inc., 2452 Delmer Street Suite 100, Oakland, California 94602, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kevin Schawinski
- Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyuseok Oh
- Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Lamperti
- Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Mushotzky
- Department of Astronomy and Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ezequiel Treister
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
| | - Luis C Ho
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anna Weigel
- Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E Bauer
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile.,Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA.,Millenium Institute of Astrophysics, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephane Paltani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, chemin d'Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Andrew C Fabian
- Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
| | - Yanxia Xie
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Neil Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
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Trakhtenbrot B, Urry CM, Civano F, Rosario DJ, Elvis M, Schawinski K, Suh H, Bongiorno A, Simmons BD. GALAXY EVOLUTION. An over-massive black hole in a typical star-forming galaxy, 2 billion years after the Big Bang. Science 2015; 349:168-71. [PMID: 26160942 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies are generally thought to coevolve, so that the SMBH achieves up to about 0.2 to 0.5% of the host galaxy mass in the present day. The radiation emitted from the growing SMBH is expected to affect star formation throughout the host galaxy. The relevance of this scenario at early cosmic epochs is not yet established. We present spectroscopic observations of a galaxy at redshift z = 3.328, which hosts an actively accreting, extremely massive BH, in its final stages of growth. The SMBH mass is roughly one-tenth the mass of the entire host galaxy, suggesting that it has grown much more efficiently than the host, contrary to models of synchronized coevolution. The host galaxy is forming stars at an intense rate, despite the presence of a SMBH-driven gas outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Trakhtenbrot
- Department of Physics, Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - C Megan Urry
- Department of Physics, Yale University, Post Office Box 208120, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA. Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8121, USA. Department of Astronomy, Yale University, Post Office Box 208101, New Haven, CT 06520-8101, USA
| | - Francesca Civano
- Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8121, USA. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David J Rosario
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elvis
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kevin Schawinski
- Department of Physics, Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hyewon Suh
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Angela Bongiorno
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Brooke D Simmons
- Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
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