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Scheim AI, Rich AJ, Zubizarreta D, Malik M, Baker KE, Restar AJ, van der Merwe LA, Wang J, Beebe B, Ridgeway K, Baral SD, Poteat T, Reisner SL. Health status of transgender people globally: A systematic review of research on disease burden and correlates. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299373. [PMID: 38466747 PMCID: PMC10927095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Transgender and gender diverse (trans) health research has grown rapidly, highlighting the need to characterize the scientific evidence base. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed research on disease burden and correlates in trans adolescents and adults over a 20-month period to identify knowledge gaps and assess methodological characteristics including measurement of gender identity, community engagement, and study quality. DATA SOURCES, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, AND SYNTHESIS METHODS We searched seven databases using terms related to (a) transgender populations and (b) health or disease. Eligible studies were in English, French, or Spanish and reported original quantitative data on mental health or substance use conditions, infectious diseases, or non-communicable conditions in at least 25 trans individuals aged 15+. Quality assessment was performed in duplicate on a 10% sample of articles and findings were summarized using narrative synthesis. RESULTS The 328 included studies were conducted in 45 countries, with most from North America (54%) and limited research from South Asia (3%), Sub-Saharan Africa (3%), and the Middle East and North Africa (2%). Most studies used cross-sectional designs (73%) and convenience sampling (65%). Only 30% of studies reported any form of community engagement. Mental health and substance use disorders were the most studied area (77% of studies) and non-communicable conditions the least (16%). Available data indicated that trans populations experience high disease burden with considerable heterogeneity within and across settings. Of 39 articles assessed for quality, 80% were rated as fair, 18% as poor, and 3% as good quality. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Geographic, gender-specific, and topical gaps remain in trans health, but we found more research from African countries, with transmasculine people, and on non-communicable conditions than previous syntheses. Areas for growth in trans health research include community engagement, non-binary health, chronic and age-related conditions, and health determinants. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021234043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayden I. Scheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashleigh J. Rich
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dougie Zubizarreta
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mannat Malik
- Department of Health Behaviour, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kellan E. Baker
- Whitman-Walker Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Arjee J. Restar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leigh Ann van der Merwe
- Social, Health and Empowerment Feminist Collective of Transgender Women of Africa (S.H.E.), East London, South Africa
| | - June Wang
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bianca Beebe
- School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Ridgeway
- School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stefan D. Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tonia Poteat
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sari L. Reisner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Jaffe J, Ross D, Anderson SW, Beebe B, Squires-Wheeler E. Incidence of nondextrality in the NAS/NRC Twin Registry. Percept Mot Skills 2003; 96:963-4. [PMID: 12831277 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.96.3.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic theories still flounder on the fact that similarity of hand preference is the same in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. Lateral preference on a well-designed set of 5 activities was obtained from 2,131 male pairs. On item analysis, only "throw" discriminated zygosity, attributable to "excess" nondextral MZ pairs. This item is remarkably free of the intense cultural bias against sinistrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, USA
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Jaffe J, Beebe B, Feldstein S, Crown CL, Jasnow MD. Rhythms of dialogue in infancy: coordinated timing in development. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2002; 66:i-viii, 1-132. [PMID: 11428150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Although theories of early social development emphasize the advantage of mother-infant rhythmic coupling and bidirectional coordination, empirical demonstrations remain sparse. We therefore test the hypothesis that vocal rhythm coordination at age 4 months predicts attachment and cognition at age 12 months. Partner and site novelty were studied by recording mother-infant, stranger-infant, and mother-stranger face-to-face interactions in both home and laboratory sites for 88 4-month-old infants, for a total of 410 recordings. An automated dialogic coding scheme, appropriate to the nonperiodic rhythms of our data, implemented a systems concept of every action as jointly produced by both partners. Adult-infant coordination at age 4 months indeed predicted both outcomes at age 12 months, but midrange degree of mother-infant and stranger-infant coordination was optimal for attachment (Strange Situation), whereas high ("tight") stranger-infant coordination in the lab was optimal for cognition (Bayley Scales). Thus, high coordination can index more or less optimal outcomes, as a function of outcome measure, partner, and site. Bidirectional coordination patterns were salient in both attachment and cognition predictions. Comparison of mother-infant and stranger-infant interactions was particularly informative, suggesting the dynamics of infants' early differentiation from mothers. Stranger and infant showed different patterns of vocal rhythm activity level, were more bidirectional, accounted for 8 times more variance in Bayley scores, predicted attachment just as well as mother and infant, and revealed more varied contingency structures and a wider range of attachment outcomes. To explain why vocal timing measures at age 4 months predict outcomes at age 12 months, our dialogue model was construed as containing procedures for regulating the pragmatics of proto-conversation. The timing patterns of the 4-month-olds were seen as procedural or performance knowledge, and as precursors of various kinesic patterns in the outcomes of 12-month-olds. Thus, our work further defines a fundamental dyadic timing matrix--a system that guides the trajectory of relatedness, informing all relational theories of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaffe
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, USA
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Marquette L, Helbraun E, Beebe B, Jaffe J. Microanalysis of mother-infant gaze and infant self-comfort behavior in dyads reporting high, mid-range, and low maternal depressive symptoms. Infant Behav Dev 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Crown CL, Flaspohler DC, Feldstein S, Jaffe J, Beebe B, Jasnow M. Mathematical models for coordinated interpersonal timing in mother-infant interactions in the first year of life. J Psycholinguist Res 1996; 25:617-628. [PMID: 8946755 DOI: 10.1007/bf01712412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two mathematical models of social contingency are examined in terms of their development over the first year of life. The interactions of 53 mothers and their infants were recorded at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 12 months. The infants' gazes at 6 weeks, the mothers' vocal behavior at 6 weeks, and the vocal behavior of the mother and infant at 4 and 12 months were automatically coded in terms of four states. The conditional dependence model and the response effects model were computed for each interaction at each age, and the coefficients of the models were examined as a function of age. The relative success of the models as estimates of moment-to-moment contingency as well as their variations with age are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Crown
- Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207-4441, USA
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Abstract
Light and electron microscopy of newborn, four day, one, two, three and five week old rats revealed principally a progressive increase in the diversity and number of synaptic contacts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The major increase in synaptic diversity occurred between four days and one week of age. Correlation between this finding and the adult synaptic morphology of SCN (Gülder, 1976) on the one hand, and the ontogeny of circadian rhythms on the other were made. This suggested that the retinal afferents arriving on day four form asymmetrical contacts with dendrites. While increase in synaptic number was progressive, it was most marked between three and five weeks of age. By five weeks, most features of the adult SCN were present. No significant morphological effects were evident as a result of neonatal retinal lesions.
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Lenn NJ, Beebe B. A simple apparatus for controlled pressure perfusion fixation. Microsc Acta 1977; 79:139-44. [PMID: 323642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An apparatus is described for vascular perfusion of small animals with fixative solutions which while simple and inexpensive allows quantitative and reproducible pressure control. Direct measurement of outflow pressure demonstrated that a sphygmomanometer used to supply external pressure to a plastic blood transfer pack achieved these features. Reproducibility of pressure was maintained by filling the bag with air between perfusions, or when smaller volumes of fixative solution were needed. Rodent brains from fetal to adult ages, and other animals of similar size, have been reliably well fixed by this method.
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