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Das S, Kundu M, Hassan A, Parekh A, Jena BC, Mundre S, Banerjee I, Yetirajam R, Das CK, Pradhan AK, Das SK, Emdad L, Mitra P, Fisher PB, Mandal M. A novel computational predictive biological approach distinguishes Integrin β1 as a salient biomarker for breast cancer chemoresistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166702. [PMID: 37044238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a primary cause of breast cancer treatment failure, and protein-protein interactions significantly contribute to chemoresistance during different stages of breast cancer progression. In pursuit of novel biomarkers and relevant protein-protein interactions occurring during the emergence of breast cancer chemoresistance, we used a computational predictive biological (CPB) approach. CPB identified associations of adhesion molecules with proteins connected with different breast cancer proteins associated with chemoresistance. This approach identified an association of Integrin β1 (ITGB1) with chemoresistance and breast cancer stem cell markers. ITGB1 activated the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) pathway promoting invasion, migration, and chemoresistance in breast cancer by upregulating Erk phosphorylation. FAK also activated Wnt/Sox2 signaling, which enhanced self-renewal in breast cancer. Activation of the FAK pathway by ITGB1 represents a novel mechanism linked to breast cancer chemoresistance, which may lead to novel therapies capable of blocking breast cancer progression by intervening in ITGB1-regulated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Das
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Moumita Kundu
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Atif Hassan
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Aditya Parekh
- Anant National University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bikash Ch Jena
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Swati Mundre
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; School of Pharmacy, Sister Nivedita University (Techno India Group), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajesh Yetirajam
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Chandan K Das
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pralay Mitra
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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Banerjee I, Das S, Das CK, Jena BC, Bharadwaj D, Pradhan AK, Das SK, Fisher PB, Mandal M. Abstract 3638: Combination of metformin and metronomic liposomal doxorubicin exerts a robust anticancer effect in triple negative breast cancer by inhibiting breast cancer stem cells & the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The high death rate due to breast cancer is often attributed to aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). We used the combination of metronomic pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), and metformin {selectively inhibits cancer stem cells (CSCs)} for effective management of TNBC xenografts generated in mice. Down-regulation of β-catenin is responsible for the efficacy of the combination of metronomic PLD and metformin in treating aggressive TNBC.
Methodology: PLD was prepared using the ammonium sulfate gradient method. Morphology, particle size, zeta potential measurement, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug release studies were performed to characterize the prepared liposomal formulation. Cell culture studies were performed on MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines (i.e., TNBC cells). MTT assays, mammosphere assays, apoptosis assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR), western blotting experiments were performed. In vivo anticancer efficacy of the combination therapy {antidiabetic dosing of metformin: 150 mg/kg body weight every day, and metronomic dosing of PLD: 1 mg/kg body weight with respect to doxorubicin (Dox) every other day for 3 weeks} was verified in an MDA-MB-231 xenograft model.
Results: Monodisperse PLD having dimensions less than 100 nm was successfully prepared (confirmed by AFM, TEM, and DLS). Zeta potential measurement showed that PLD was negatively charged (- 12.1 ± 2.3 mV, n = 3). Encapsulation efficiency and drug release were found to be satisfactory. IC50 (i.e., 50 % inhibitory concentration) of PLD was found to be in nanomolar range with respect to Dox in TNBC cell lines. However, a combination of metformin (500 µM) and PLD resulted in a leftward shift of the concentration-response curve such that the IC50 value of PLD was further reduced in the nanomolar range with respect to Dox. A similar trend was seen in the apoptosis assay. Metformin works together with PLD to reduce non-stem cancer cells, CSCs, and stem cell markers as indicated by the reduction in the number of mammospheres, qPCR results, and western blotting experiments. We also found attenuation of β-catenin in TNBC cells by the combination treatment regimen, as suggested by qPCR and western blotting. Some of the in vitro observations were also confirmed in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model.
Conclusion: Our experiments demonstrate that down-regulation of β-catenin is responsible for the strong anticancer effects of the combination of metformin and PLD in vitro and in vivo. Further studies are warranted with this combination regimen in different cancer types as metformin is an approved anti-diabetic drug with an acceptable safety profile, and metronomic chemotherapy is gaining popularity in treating different cancer types.
Citation Format: Indranil Banerjee, Subhayan Das, Chandan Kanta Das, Bikash Ch. Jena, Deblina Bharadwaj, Anjan K. Pradhan, Swadesh K. Das, Paul B. Fisher, Mahitosh Mandal. Combination of metformin and metronomic liposomal doxorubicin exerts a robust anticancer effect in triple negative breast cancer by inhibiting breast cancer stem cells & the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3638.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhayan Das
- 1Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Das S, Jena BC, Mundre S, Parekh A, Rajesh Y, Mitra P, Mandal M. Abstract 4022: Integrin β1 regulates doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer via FAK-mediated activation of ERK1 pathway. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Emergence of chemoresistance is one of the major concerns in cancer management. Development of chemoresistance is associated with several genotypical and phenotypical changes in cancer cells, making them less vulnerable to chemotherapeutic assaults. Integrins are the class of adhesion molecules which help to bind cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate key signaling pathways. Chemoresistant cells have altered interaction with ECM along with changes in their survival pathways which might have resulted from these altered interactions. Here we hypothesize that the state of chemoresistance is associated with the change in expression of integrin which triggers the intracellular signaling augmenting the chemoresistance in breast cancer.
Methodology: To model the chemoresistance, we developed chemoresistant clones from MDA MB 231 (231) breast cancer cell line by treating it with sub-lethal doses of the Doxorubicin over several cycles. To examine the immediate effect of Doxorubicin, the cell line was treated in a time-dependent manner. Xenograft model of breast cancer was developed and treated with Doxorubicin at 5mg/kg/week dose for two weeks. The residual tumor was considered as the in vivo model of chemoresistance. The initial screening of expression of all integrins was carried out by qPCR and confirmed by western blot and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Downstream pathway analysis was carried out by western blot and IHC. Integrin β1 (ITGB1) was transiently overexpressed and down-regulated by appropriate plasmids containing either ITGB1 gene or shRNA.
Results: The initial screening showed that ITGB1 was significantly up-regulated in Doxorubicin resistant clones of 231 (DOX-R) which was confirmed by western blot. Similarly, the expression of ITGB1 was found to be increased in Doxorubicin treated 231 cells and xenograft model. The expression of ITGB1 was also increased in human breast cancer tissue subjected to neo-adjuvant therapy. Upon evaluating the mitogenic pathways in DOX-R, we found that elevated p-ERK1 expression correlated with ITGB1 expression. Further, we found that an interaction between ITGB1 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) leading to Ras-Raf activation was crucial for regulating ERK1 phosphorylation. These findings were also confirmed in the xenograft model. Next, upon overexpressing ITGB1, we found a significant increase in phosphorylation of ERK1 as well as FAK-Ras-Raf pathway. These proteins seemed to be down-regulated on transient attenuation of ITGB1. The inhibition of ITGB1 also decreased the sensitivity of 231 and DOX-R cells to Doxorubicin.
Conclusion: Our study established that ITGB1 influence ERK1 pathway to augment Doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer and inhibition of ITGB1 causes a significant reversal of chemoresistance. These findings indicate that ITGB1 can be a valuable theranostic marker for breast cancer management.
Citation Format: Subhayan Das, Bikash Ch Jena, Swati Mundre, Aditya Parekh, Y Rajesh, Pralay Mitra, Mahitosh Mandal. Integrin β1 regulates doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer via FAK-mediated activation of ERK1 pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Bikash Ch Jena
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Swati Mundre
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Aditya Parekh
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Y Rajesh
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Pralay Mitra
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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