1
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Tomaselli L, Sciullo M, Fulton S, Yates BJ, Fisher LE, Ventura V, Horn CC. Isoflurane anesthesia suppresses gastric myoelectric power in the ferret. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14749. [PMID: 38316631 PMCID: PMC10922358 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric myoelectric signals have been the focus of extensive research; although it is unclear how general anesthesia affects these signals, and studies have often been conducted under general anesthesia. Here, we explore this issue directly by recording gastric myoelectric signals during awake and anesthetized states in the ferret and explore the contribution of behavioral movement to observed changes in signal power. METHODS Ferrets were surgically implanted with electrodes to record gastric myoelectric activity from the serosal surface of the stomach, and, following recovery, were tested in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized conditions. Video recordings were also analyzed during awake experiments to compare myoelectric activity during behavioral movement and rest. KEY RESULTS A significant decrease in gastric myoelectric signal power was detected under isoflurane anesthesia compared to the awake condition. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the awake recordings indicates that behavioral movement is associated with increased signal power compared to rest. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that both general anesthesia and behavioral movement can affect the signal power of gastric myoelectric recordings. In summary, caution should be taken in studying myoelectric data collected under anesthesia. Further, behavioral movement could have an important modulatory role on these signals, affecting their interpretation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tomaselli
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Sciullo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Dept. of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee E. Fisher
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valérie Ventura
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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2
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Elkhadrawi M, Akcakaya M, Fulton S, Yates BJ, Fisher LE, Horn CC. Prediction of gastrointestinal functional state based on myoelectric recordings utilizing a deep neural network architecture. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289076. [PMID: 37498882 PMCID: PMC10374095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional and motility-related gastrointestinal (GI) disorders affect nearly 40% percent of the population. Disturbances of GI myoelectric activity have been proposed to play a significant role in these disorders. A significant barrier to usage of these signals in diagnosis and treatment is the lack of consistent relationships between GI myoelectric features and function. A potential cause of this issue is the use of arbitrary classification criteria, such as percentage of power in tachygastric and bradygastric frequency bands. Here we applied automatic feature extraction using a deep neural network architecture on GI myoelectric signals from free-moving ferrets. For each animal, we recorded during baseline control and feeding conditions lasting for 1 h. Data were trained on a 1-dimensional residual convolutional network, followed by a fully connected layer, with a decision based on a sigmoidal output. For this 2-class problem, accuracy was 90%, sensitivity (feeding detection) was 90%, and specificity (baseline detection) was 89%. By comparison, approaches using hand-crafted features (e.g., SVM, random forest, and logistic regression) produced an accuracy from 54% to 82%, sensitivity from 46% to 84% and specificity from 66% to 80%. These results suggest that automatic feature extraction and deep neural networks could be useful to assess GI function for comparing baseline to an active functional GI state, such as feeding. In future testing, the current approach could be applied to determine normal and disease-related GI myoelectric patterns to diagnosis and assess patients with GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elkhadrawi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Murat Akcakaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Fisher
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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3
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Tomaselli L, Sciullo M, Fulton S, Yates BJ, Fisher LE, Ventura V, Horn CC. Anesthesia suppresses gastric myoelectric power in the ferret. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.23.529745. [PMID: 36865110 PMCID: PMC9980102 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal myoelectric signals have been the focus of extensive research; although it is unclear how general anesthesia affects these signals, studies have often been conducted under general anesthesia. Here, we explore this issue directly by recording gastric myoelectric signals during awake and anesthetized states in the ferret and also explore the contribution of behavioral movement to observed changes in signal power. METHODS Ferrets were surgically implanted with electrodes to record gastric myoelectric activity from the serosal surface of the stomach, and, following recovery, were tested in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized conditions. Video recordings were also analyzed during awake experiments to compare myoelectric activity during behavioral movement and rest. KEY RESULTS A significant decrease in gastric myoelectric signal power was detected under isoflurane anesthesia compared to the awake condition. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the awake recordings indicates that behavioral movement is associated with increased signal power compared to rest. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that both general anesthesia and behavioral movement can affect the amplitude of gastric myoelectric. In summary, caution should be taken in studying myoelectric data collected under anesthesia. Further, behavioral movement could have an important modulatory role on these signals, affecting their interpretation in clinical settings.
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4
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Murphey CP, Shulgach JA, Amin PR, Douglas NK, Bielanin JP, Sampson JT, Horn CC, Yates BJ. Physiological changes associated with copper sulfate-induced nausea and retching in felines. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1077207. [PMID: 36744037 PMCID: PMC9892644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1077207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea is a common disease symptom, yet there is no consensus regarding its physiological markers. In contrast, the process of vomiting is well documented as sequential muscular contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles and esophageal shortening. Nausea, like other self-reported perceptions, is difficult to distinguish in preclinical models, but based on human experience emesis is usually preceded by nausea. Here we focused on measuring gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory changes prior to emesis to provide additional insights into markers for nausea. Felines were instrumented to chronically record heart rate, respiration, and electromyographic (EMG) activity from the stomach and duodenum before and after intragastric delivery of saline or copper sulfate (CuSO4, from 83 to 322 mg). CuSO4 is a prototypical emetic test agent that triggers vomiting primarily by action on GI vagal afferent fibers when administered intragastrically. CuSO4 infusion elicited a significant increase in heart rate, decrease in respiratory rate, and a disruption of gastric and intestinal EMG activity several minutes prior to emesis. The change in EMG activity was most consistent in the duodenum. Administration of the same volume of saline did not induce these effects. Increasing the dose of CuSO4 did not alter the physiologic changes induced by the treatment. It is postulated that the intestinal EMG activity was related to the retrograde movement of chyme from the intestine to the stomach demonstrated to occur prior to emesis by other investigators. These findings suggest that monitoring of intestinal EMG activity, perhaps in combination with heart rate, may provide the best indicator of the onset of nausea following treatments and in disease conditions, including GI disease, associated with emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P. Murphey
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Shulgach
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pooja R. Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nerone K. Douglas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John P. Bielanin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jacob T. Sampson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Bill J. Yates,
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5
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Murphey CP, Shulgach JA, Amin PR, Douglas NK, Bielanin JP, Horn CC, Yates BJ. Prodromal Physiologic Changes During Copper Sulfate‐Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Potential Use of Intestinal EMG Recordings as a Marker for Nausea. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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Tomaselli L, Sciullo M, Fulton S, Fisher LE, Yates BJ, Ventura V, Horn CC. Impact of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Gastrointestinal Myoelectric Recordings: A Comparative Analysis of Awake and Anesthetized States in Ferrets. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee E. Fisher
- University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA
| | - Bill J. Yates
- University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA
| | - Valérie Ventura
- Statistics and Data ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA
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7
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Amin PR, Sampson JT, Dong X, Bielanin JP, Murphey CP, Shulgach JA, King BL, Douglas NK, Yates BJ, Balaban CD. Distribution of c‐Fos Labeling Elicited by Intragastric Copper Sulfate: Comparison with Labeling Induced by Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Shulgach JA, Beam DW, Nanivadekar AC, Miller DM, Fulton S, Sciullo M, Ogren J, Wong L, McLaughlin BL, Yates BJ, Horn CC, Fisher LE. Selective stimulation of the ferret abdominal vagus nerve with multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12925. [PMID: 34155231 PMCID: PMC8217223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are a major driver of medical care. The vagus nerve innervates and controls multiple organs of the GI tract and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) could provide a means for affecting GI function and treating disease. However, the vagus nerve also innervates many other organs throughout the body, and off-target effects of VNS could cause major side effects such as changes in blood pressure. In this study, we aimed to achieve selective stimulation of populations of vagal afferents using a multi-contact cuff electrode wrapped around the abdominal trunks of the vagus nerve. Four-contact nerve cuff electrodes were implanted around the dorsal (N = 3) or ventral (N = 3) abdominal vagus nerve in six ferrets, and the response to stimulation was measured via a 32-channel microelectrode array (MEA) inserted into the left or right nodose ganglion. Selectivity was characterized by the ability to evoke responses in MEA channels through one bipolar pair of cuff contacts but not through the other bipolar pair. We demonstrated that it was possible to selectively activate subpopulations of vagal neurons using abdominal VNS. Additionally, we quantified the conduction velocity of evoked responses to determine what types of nerve fibers (i.e., Aδ vs. C) responded to stimulation. We also quantified the spatial organization of evoked responses in the nodose MEA to determine if there is somatotopic organization of the neurons in that ganglion. Finally, we demonstrated in a separate set of three ferrets that stimulation of the abdominal vagus via a four-contact cuff could selectively alter gastric myoelectric activity, suggesting that abdominal VNS can potentially be used to control GI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Shulgach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dylan W Beam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ameya C Nanivadekar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Derek M Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael Sciullo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - John Ogren
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, 02144, USA
| | - Liane Wong
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, 02144, USA
| | | | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Charles C Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lee E Fisher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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9
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Cha YH, Golding J, Keshavarz B, Furman J, Kim JS, Lopez-Escamez JA, Magnusson M, Yates BJ, Lawson BD, Staab J, Bisdorff A. Motion sickness diagnostic criteria: Consensus document of the classification committee of the Bárány society. J Vestib Res 2021; 31:327-344. [PMID: 33646187 PMCID: PMC9249300 DOI: 10.3233/ves-200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We present diagnostic criteria for motion sickness, visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), motion sickness disorder (MSD), and VIMS disorder (VIMSD) to be included in the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders. Motion sickness and VIMS are normal physiological responses that can be elicited in almost all people, but susceptibility and severity can be high enough for the response to be considered a disorder in some cases. This report provides guidelines for evaluating signs and symptoms caused by physical motion or visual motion and for diagnosing an individual as having a response that is severe enough to constitute a disorder. The diagnostic criteria for motion sickness and VIMS include adverse reactions elicited during exposure to physical motion or visual motion leading to observable signs or symptoms of greater than minimal severity in the following domains: nausea and/or gastrointestinal disturbance, thermoregulatory disruption, alterations in arousal, dizziness and/or vertigo, headache and/or ocular strain. These signs and/or symptoms occur during the motion exposure, build as the exposure is prolonged, and eventually stop after the motion ends. Motion sickness disorder and VIMSD are diagnosed when recurrent episodes of motion sickness or VIMS are reliably triggered by the same or similar stimuli, severity does not significantly decrease after repeated exposure, and signs/symptoms lead to activity modification, avoidance behavior, or aversive emotional responses. Motion sickness/MSD and VIMS/VIMSD can occur separately or together. Severity of symptoms in reaction to physical motion or visual motion stimuli varies widely and can change within an individual due to aging, adaptation, and comorbid disorders. We discuss the main methods for measuring motion sickness symptoms, the situations conducive to motion sickness and VIMS, and the individual traits associated with increased susceptibility. These additional considerations will improve diagnosis by fostering accurate measurement and understanding of the situational and personal factors associated with MSD and VIMSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hee Cha
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John Golding
- Psychology, School for Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London UK
| | - Behrang Keshavarz
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Furman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jose A Lopez-Escamez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centre for Genomics and Oncology Research - Pfizer/Univ. de Granada/Junta de Andalucía (GENyO), PTS, Granada, Spain.,Department of Otolaryngology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Måns Magnusson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ben D Lawson
- Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Naval Submarine Base New London, Groton CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Staab
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexandre Bisdorff
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Emile Mayrisch, L-4005 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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10
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Bielanin JP, Douglas NO, Shulgach JA, McCall AA, Miller DM, Amin PR, Murphey CP, Barman SM, Yates BJ. Responses of Neurons in the Medullary Lateral Tegmental Field and Nucleus Tractus Solitarius to Vestibular Stimuli in Conscious Felines. Front Neurol 2020; 11:620817. [PMID: 33391176 PMCID: PMC7775595 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.620817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence shows that the vestibular system contributes to adjusting sympathetic nervous system activity to maintain adequate blood pressure during movement and changes in posture. However, only a few prior experiments entailed recordings in conscious animals from brainstem neurons presumed to convey baroreceptor and vestibular inputs to neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that provide inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. In this study, recordings were made in conscious felines from neurons in the medullary lateral tegmental field (LTF) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) identified as regulating sympathetic nervous system activity by exhibiting changes in firing rate related to the cardiac cycle, or cardiac-related activity (CRA). Approximately 38% of LTF and NTS neurons responded to static 40° head up tilts with a change in firing rate (increase for 60% of the neurons, decrease for 40%) of ~50%. However, few of these neurons responded to 10° sinusoidal rotations in the pitch plane, in contrast to prior findings in decerebrate animals that the firing rates of both NTS and LTF neurons are modulated by small-amplitude body rotations. Thus, as previously demonstrated for RVLM neurons, in conscious animals NTS and LTF neurons only respond to large rotations that lead to changes in sympathetic nervous system activity. The similar responses to head-up rotations of LTF and NTS neurons with those documented for RVLM neurons suggest that LTF and NTS neurons are components of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex pathway. However, a difference between NTS/LTF and RVLM neurons was variability in CRA over time. This variability was significantly greater for RVLM neurons, raising the hypothesis that the responsiveness of these neurons to baroreceptor input is adjusted based on the animal's vigilance and alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Bielanin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nerone O. Douglas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Shulgach
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrew A. McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Derek M. Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pooja R. Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles P. Murphey
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Susan M. Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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11
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Adams JC, Bell PD, Bodine SC, Brooks HL, Bunnett N, Joe B, Keehan KH, Kleyman TR, Marette A, Morty RE, Ramírez JM, Thomsen MB, Yates BJ, Zucker IH. An American Physiological Society cross-journal Call for Papers on "Deconstructing Organs: Single-Cell Analyses, Decellularized Organs, Organoids, and Organ-on-a-Chip Models". Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L266-L272. [PMID: 32609556 PMCID: PMC7473938 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00311.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Adams
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - P Darwin Bell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nigel Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Hôpital Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan-Marino Ramírez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.,Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Morten B Thomsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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12
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Yates BJ. A reflection on my editorship of Journal of Neurophysiology. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2099-2100. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00208.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Shulgach JA, Nanivadekar AC, Miller D, Fulton S, Sciullo M, Ogren J, Wong L, McLaughlin B, Yates BJ, Horn CC, Fisher LE. Selective Stimulation of Vagal Pathways Using a Multi‐contact Circumferential Cuff Electrode. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.09383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Harms JE, Miller D, Shulgach JA, Nanivadekar AC, Fulton S, Sciullo M, Fisher LE, Yates BJ, Horn CC. Gastric Distension‐induced Nodose Ganglionic Cell Responses Using a High‐throughput Multi‐electrode Array in the Ferret. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.09881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Miller DM, Joshi A, Kambouroglos ET, Engstrom IC, Bielanin JP, Wittman SR, McCall AA, Barman SM, Yates BJ. Responses of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of conscious cats to anticipated and passive movements. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R481-R492. [PMID: 31940234 PMCID: PMC7099461 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00205.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular system contributes to regulating sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure. Initial studies in decerebrate animals showed that neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) respond to small-amplitude (<10°) rotations of the body, as in other brain areas that process vestibular signals, although such movements do not affect blood distribution in the body. However, a subsequent experiment in conscious animals showed that few RVLM neurons respond to small-amplitude movements. This study tested the hypothesis that RVLM neurons in conscious animals respond to signals from the vestibular otolith organs elicited by large-amplitude static tilts. The activity of approximately one-third of RVLM neurons whose firing rate was related to the cardiac cycle, and thus likely received baroreceptor inputs, was modulated by vestibular inputs elicited by 40° head-up tilts in conscious cats, but not during 10° sinusoidal rotations in the pitch plane that affected the activity of neurons in brain regions providing inputs to the RVLM. These data suggest the existence of brain circuitry that suppresses vestibular influences on the activity of RVLM neurons and the sympathetic nervous system unless these inputs are physiologically warranted. We also determined that RVLM neurons failed to respond to a light cue signaling the movement, suggesting that feedforward cardiovascular responses do not occur before passive movements that require cardiovascular adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Asmita Joshi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Isaiah C Engstrom
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Bielanin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel R Wittman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan M Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Nanivadekar AC, Miller DM, Fulton S, Wong L, Ogren J, Chitnis G, McLaughlin B, Zhai S, Fisher LE, Yates BJ, Horn CC. Machine learning prediction of emesis and gastrointestinal state in ferrets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223279. [PMID: 31626659 PMCID: PMC6799899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although electrogastrography (EGG) could be a critical tool in the diagnosis of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disease, it remains under-utilized. The lack of spatial and temporal resolution using current EGG methods presents a significant roadblock to more widespread usage. Human and preclinical studies have shown that GI myoelectric electrodes can record signals containing significantly more information than can be derived from abdominal surface electrodes. The current study sought to assess the efficacy of multi-electrode arrays, surgically implanted on the serosal surface of the GI tract, from gastric fundus-to-duodenum, in recording myoelectric signals. It also examines the potential for machine learning algorithms to predict functional states, such as retching and emesis, from GI signal features. Studies were performed using ferrets, a gold standard model for emesis testing. Our results include simultaneous recordings from up to six GI recording sites in both anesthetized and chronically implanted free-moving ferrets. Testing conditions to produce different gastric states included gastric distension, intragastric infusion of emetine (a prototypical emetic agent), and feeding. Despite the observed variability in GI signals, machine learning algorithms, including k-nearest neighbors and support vector machines, were able to detect the state of the stomach with high overall accuracy (>75%). The present study is the first demonstration of machine learning algorithms to detect the physiological state of the stomach and onset of retching, which could provide a methodology to diagnose GI diseases and symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya C. Nanivadekar
- Dept. Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Derek M. Miller
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Liane Wong
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, United States of America
| | - John Ogren
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, United States of America
| | - Girish Chitnis
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Shuyan Zhai
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Fisher
- Dept. Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Medicine, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Anesthesiology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Bielanin JP, Miller DM, Joshi A, Engstrom IC, Kambouroglos E, McCall AA, Barman SM, Yates BJ. Response of Neurons in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) to Anticipated and Passive Movements. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.562.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asmita Joshi
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | | | | | | | - Susan M Barman
- Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI
| | - Bill J Yates
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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18
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Yosten GLC, Adams JC, Bennett CN, Bunnett NW, Scheman R, Sigmund CD, Yates BJ, Zucker IH, Samson WK. Revised guidelines to enhance the rigor and reproducibility of research published in American Physiological Society journals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1251-R1253. [PMID: 30332303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00274.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Josephine C Adams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Christina N Bennett
- Publications Department, The American Physiological Society , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Rita Scheman
- Publications Department, The American Physiological Society , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Willis K Samson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
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19
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Yates BJ. Eighty years old, and never looked better: rebranding in 2019. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2155. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00672.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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21
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Abstract
The Journal of Neurophysiology continues to evolve to meet the needs of its authors and readers. This article summarizes recent changes intended to improve our evaluation and communication of neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Patel NM, Baker EAG, Wittman SR, Engstrom IC, Bourdages GH, McCall AA, Miller DM, Yates BJ. Cardiovascular adjustments during anticipated postural changes. Physiol Rep 2018; 6. [PMID: 29333722 PMCID: PMC5789654 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well‐documented that feedforward cardiovascular responses occur at the onset of exercise, but it is unclear if such responses are associated with other types of movements. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that feedforward cardiovascular responses occur when a passive (imposed) 60° head‐up tilt is anticipated, such that changes in heart rate and carotid artery blood flow (CBF) commence prior to the onset of the rotation. A light cue preceded head‐up tilts by 10 sec, and heart rate and CBF were determined for 5‐sec time periods prior to and during tilts. Even after these stimuli were provided for thousands of trials spanning several months, no systematic changes in CBF and heart rate occurred prior to tilts, and variability in cardiovascular adjustments during tilt remained substantial over time. We also hypothesized that substitution of 20° for 60° tilts in a subset of trials would result in exaggerated cardiovascular responses (as animals expected 60° tilts), which were not observed. These data suggest that cardiovascular adjustments during passive changes in posture are mainly elicited by feedback mechanisms, and that anticipation of passive head‐up tilts does not diminish the likelihood that a decrease in carotid blood flow will occur during the movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neesirg M Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ethan A G Baker
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel R Wittman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Isaiah C Engstrom
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George H Bourdages
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Derek M Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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23
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Barman SM, Yates BJ. Deciphering the Neural Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity: Status Report and Directions for Future Research. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:730. [PMID: 29311801 PMCID: PMC5743742 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) contributes appreciably to the control of physiological function, such that pathological alterations in SNA can lead to a variety of diseases. The goal of this review is to discuss the characteristics of SNA, briefly review the methodology that has been used to assess SNA and its control, and to describe the essential role of neurophysiological studies in conscious animals to provide additional insights into the regulation of SNA. Studies in both humans and animals have shown that SNA is rhythmic or organized into bursts whose frequency varies depending on experimental conditions and the species. These rhythms are generated by brainstem neurons, and conveyed to sympathetic preganglionic neurons through several pathways, including those emanating from the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Although rhythmic SNA is present in decerebrate animals (indicating that neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord are adequate to generate this activity), there is considerable evidence that a variety of supratentorial structures including the insular and prefrontal cortices, amygdala, and hypothalamic subnuclei provide inputs to the brainstem regions that regulate SNA. It is also known that the characteristics of SNA are altered during stress and particular behaviors such as the defense response and exercise. While it is a certainty that supratentorial structures contribute to changes in SNA during these behaviors, the neural underpinnings of the responses are yet to be established. Understanding how SNA is modified during affective responses and particular behaviors will require neurophysiological studies in awake, behaving animals, including those that entail recording activity from neurons that generate SNA. Recent studies have shown that responses of neurons in the central nervous system to most sensory inputs are context-specific. Future neurophysiological studies in conscious animals should also ascertain whether this general rule also applies to sensory signals that modify SNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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24
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Hansen BC, Gografe S, Pritt S, Jen KLC, McWhirter CA, Barman SM, Comuzzie A, Greene M, McNulty JA, Michele DE, Moaddab N, Nelson RJ, Norris K, Uray KD, Banks R, Westlund KN, Yates BJ, Silverman J, Hansen KD, Redman B. Ensuring due process in the IACUC and animal welfare setting: considerations in developing noncompliance policies and procedures for institutional animal care and use committees and institutional officials. FASEB J 2017; 31:4216-4225. [PMID: 28821637 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601250r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Every institution that is involved in research with animals is expected to have in place policies and procedures for the management of allegations of noncompliance with the Animal Welfare Act and the U.S. Public Health Service Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. We present here a model set of recommendations for institutional animal care and use committees and institutional officials to ensure appropriate consideration of allegations of noncompliance with federal Animal Welfare Act regulations that carry a significant risk or specific threat to animal welfare. This guidance has 3 overarching aims: 1) protecting the welfare of research animals; 2) according fair treatment and due process to an individual accused of noncompliance; and 3) ensuring compliance with federal regulations. Through this guidance, the present work seeks to advance the cause of scientific integrity, animal welfare, and the public trust while recognizing and supporting the critical importance of animal research for the betterment of the health of both humans and animals.-Hansen, B. C., Gografe, S., Pritt, S., Jen, K.-L. C., McWhirter, C. A., Barman, S. M., Comuzzie, A., Greene, M., McNulty, J. A., Michele, D. E., Moaddab, N., Nelson, R. J., Norris, K., Uray, K. D., Banks, R., Westlund, K. N., Yates, B. J., Silverman, J., Hansen, K. D., Redman, B. Ensuring due process in the IACUC and animal welfare setting: considerations in developing noncompliance policies and procedures for institutional animal care and use committees and institutional officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Hansen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA;
| | - Sylvia Gografe
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Stacy Pritt
- Division of Institutional Animal Care and Use, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kai-Lin Catherine Jen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Camille A McWhirter
- Office of Clinical Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Susan M Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony Comuzzie
- Division of Genetics, Texas Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Molly Greene
- Office of the Vice President for Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Daniel Eugene Michele
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Naz Moaddab
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Randall J Nelson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Karen Norris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen D Uray
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ron Banks
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Karin N Westlund
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerald Silverman
- Department of Animal Medicine and Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Barbara Redman
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
This review considers the integration of vestibular and other signals by the central nervous system pathways that participate in balance control and blood pressure regulation, with an emphasis on how this integration may modify posture-related responses in accordance with behavioral context. Two pathways convey vestibular signals to limb motoneurons: the lateral vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal projections. Both pathways receive direct inputs from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, and also integrate vestibular, spinal, and other inputs. Decerebration in animals or strokes that interrupt corticobulbar projections in humans alter the gain of vestibulospinal reflexes and the responses of vestibular nucleus neurons to particular stimuli. This evidence shows that supratentorial regions modify the activity of the vestibular system, but the functional importance of descending influences on vestibulospinal reflexes acting on the limbs is currently unknown. It is often overlooked that the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal systems mainly terminate on spinal interneurons, and not directly on motoneurons, yet little is known about the transformation of vestibular signals that occurs in the spinal cord. Unexpected changes in body position that elicit vestibulospinal reflexes can also produce vestibulosympathetic responses that serve to maintain stable blood pressure. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes are mediated, at least in part, through a specialized group of reticulospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla that project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. However, other pathways may also contribute to these responses, including those that dually participate in motor control and regulation of sympathetic nervous system activity. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes differ in conscious and decerebrate animals, indicating that supratentorial regions alter these responses. However, as with vestibular reflexes acting on the limbs, little is known about the physiological significance of descending control of vestibulosympathetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Derek M Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Horn CC, Yates BJ. Biology and control of nausea and vomiting 2015: Perspectives and overview of the conference. Auton Neurosci 2016; 202:3-4. [PMID: 27773432 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Oncology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bill J Yates
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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McCall AA, Miller DM, DeMayo WM, Bourdages GH, Yates BJ. Vestibular nucleus neurons respond to hindlimb movement in the conscious cat. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1785-1794. [PMID: 27440244 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00414.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The limbs constitute the sole interface with the ground during most waking activities in mammalian species; it is therefore expected that somatosensory inputs from the limbs provide important information to the central nervous system for balance control. In the decerebrate cat model, the activity of a subset of neurons in the vestibular nuclei (VN) has been previously shown to be modulated by hindlimb movement. However, decerebration can profoundly alter the effects of sensory inputs on the activity of brain stem neurons, resulting in epiphenomenal responses. Thus, before this study, it was unclear whether and how somatosensory inputs from the limb affected the activity of VN neurons in conscious animals. We recorded brain stem neuronal activity in the conscious cat and characterized the responses of VN neurons to flexion and extension hindlimb movements and to whole body vertical tilts (vestibular stimulation). Among 96 VN neurons whose activity was modulated by vestibular stimulation, the firing rate of 65 neurons (67.7%) was also affected by passive hindlimb movement. VN neurons in conscious cats most commonly encoded hindlimb movement irrespective of the direction of movement (n = 33, 50.8%), in that they responded to all flexion and extension movements of the limb. Other VN neurons overtly encoded information about the direction of hindlimb movement (n = 27, 41.5%), and the remainder had more complex responses. These data confirm that hindlimb somatosensory and vestibular inputs converge onto VN neurons of the conscious cat, suggesting that VN neurons integrate somatosensory inputs from the limbs in computations that affect motor outflow to maintain balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Derek M Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - William M DeMayo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - George H Bourdages
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The connotation of "nausea" has changed across several millennia. The medical term 'nausea' is derived from the classical Greek terms ναυτια and ναυσια, which designated the signs and symptoms of seasickness. In classical texts, nausea referred to a wide range of perceptions and actions, including lethargy and disengagement, headache (migraine), and anorexia, with an awareness that vomiting was imminent only when the condition was severe. However, some recent articles have limited the definition to the sensations that immediately precede emesis. Defining nausea is complicated by the fact that it has many triggers, and can build-up slowly or rapidly, such that the prodromal signs and symptoms can vary. In particular, disengagement responses referred to as the "sopite syndrome" are typically present only when emetic stimuli are moderately provocative, and do not quickly culminate in vomiting or withdrawing from the triggering event. This review considers how the definition of "nausea" has evolved over time, and summarizes the physiological changes that occur prior to vomiting that may be indicative of nausea. Also described are differences in the perception of nausea, as well as the accompanying physiological responses, that occur with varying stimuli. This information is synthesized to provide an operational definition of nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey D Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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31
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Yates BJ. The evolution of a distinguished neuroscience journal: a progress report. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1483-5. [PMID: 26289470 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00800.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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McCall AA, Miller DJ, Catanzaro MF, Cotter LA, Yates BJ. Hindlimb movement modulates the activity of rostral fastigial nucleus neurons that process vestibular input. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2411-9. [PMID: 25976518 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Integration of vestibular and proprioceptive afferent information within the central nervous system is a critical component of postural regulation. We recently demonstrated that labyrinthine and hindlimb signals converge onto vestibular nucleus neurons, such that hindlimb movement modulates the activity of these cells. However, it is unclear whether similar convergence of hindlimb and vestibular signals also occurs upstream from the vestibular nuclei, particularly in the rostral fastigial nucleus (rFN). We tested the hypothesis that rFN neurons have similar responses to hindlimb movement as vestibular nucleus neurons. Recordings were obtained from 53 rFN neurons that responded to hindlimb movement in decerebrate cats. In contrast to vestibular nucleus neurons, which commonly encoded the direction of hindlimb movement (81 % of neurons), few rFN neurons (21 %) that responded to leg movement encoded such information. Instead, most rFN neurons responded to both limb flexion and extension. Half of the rFN neurons whose activity was modulated by hindlimb movement received convergent vestibular inputs. These results show that rFN neurons receive somatosensory inputs from the hindlimb and that a subset of rFN neurons integrates vestibular and hindlimb signals. Such rFN neurons likely perform computations that participate in maintenance of balance during upright stance and movement. Although vestibular nucleus neurons are interconnected with the rFN, the dissimilarity of responses of neurons sensitive to hindlimb movement in the two regions suggests that they play different roles in coordinating postural responses during locomotion and other movements which entail changes in limb position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Whitman
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - Bill J Yates
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Abstract
Evidence accumulated over 30 years, from experiments on animals and human subjects, has conclusively demonstrated that inputs from the vestibular otolith organs contribute to the control of blood pressure during movement and changes in posture. This review considers the effects of gravity on the body axis, and the consequences of postural changes on blood distribution in the body. It then separately considers findings collected in experiments on animals and human subjects demonstrating that the vestibular system regulates blood distribution in the body during movement. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes differ from responses triggered by unloading of cardiovascular receptors such as baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors, as they can be elicited before a change in blood distribution occurs in the body. Dissimilarities in the expression of vestibulosympathetic reflexes in humans and animals are also described. In particular, there is evidence from experiments in animals, but not humans, that vestibulosympathetic reflexes are patterned, and differ between body regions. Results from neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies in animals are discussed that identify the neurons that mediate vestibulosympathetic responses, which include cells in the caudal aspect of the vestibular nucleus complex, interneurons in the lateral medullary reticular formation, and bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Recent findings showing that cognition can modify the gain of vestibulosympathetic responses are also presented, and neural pathways that could mediate adaptive plasticity in the responses are proposed, including connections of the posterior cerebellar vermis with the vestibular nuclei and brainstem nuclei that regulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Yates BJ, Catanzaro MF, Miller DJ, McCall AA. Integration of vestibular and emetic gastrointestinal signals that produce nausea and vomiting: potential contributions to motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2455-69. [PMID: 24736862 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vomiting and nausea can be elicited by a variety of stimuli, although there is considerable evidence that the same brainstem areas mediate these responses despite the triggering mechanism. A variety of experimental approaches showed that nucleus tractus solitarius, the dorsolateral reticular formation of the caudal medulla (lateral tegmental field), and the parabrachial nucleus play key roles in integrating signals that trigger nausea and vomiting. These brainstem areas presumably coordinate the contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles that result in vomiting. However, it is unclear whether these regions also mediate the autonomic responses that precede and accompany vomiting, including alterations in gastrointestinal activity, sweating, and changes in blood flow to the skin. Recent studies showed that delivery of an emetic compound to the gastrointestinal system affects the processing of vestibular inputs in the lateral tegmental field and parabrachial nucleus, potentially altering susceptibility for vestibular-elicited vomiting. Findings from these studies suggested that multiple emetic inputs converge on the same brainstem neurons, such that delivery of one emetic stimulus affects the processing of another emetic signal. Despite the advances in understanding the neurobiology of nausea and vomiting, much is left to be learned. Additional neurophysiologic studies, particularly those conducted in conscious animals, will be crucial to discern the integrative processes in the brain stem that result in emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Room 519, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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Catanzaro MF, Miller DJ, Cotter LA, McCall AA, Yates BJ. Integration of vestibular and gastrointestinal inputs by cerebellar fastigial nucleus neurons: multisensory influences on motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2581-9. [PMID: 24677139 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that ingestion of the emetic compound copper sulfate (CuSO4) alters the responses to vestibular stimulation of a large fraction of neurons in brainstem regions that mediate nausea and vomiting, thereby affecting motion sickness susceptibility. Other studies suggested that the processing of vestibular inputs by cerebellar neurons plays a critical role in generating motion sickness and that neurons in the cerebellar fastigial nucleus receive visceral inputs. These findings raised the hypothesis that stimulation of gastrointestinal receptors by a nauseogenic compound affects the processing of labyrinthine signals by fastigial nucleus neurons. We tested this hypothesis in decerebrate cats by determining the effects of intragastric injection of CuSO4 on the responses of rostral fastigial nucleus to whole-body rotations that activate labyrinthine receptors. Responses to vestibular stimulation of fastigial nucleus neurons were more complex in decerebrate cats than reported previously in conscious felines. In particular, spatiotemporal convergence responses, which reflect the convergence of vestibular inputs with different spatial and temporal properties, were more common in decerebrate than in conscious felines. The firing rate of a small percentage of fastigial nucleus neurons (15%) was altered over 50% by the administration of CuSO4; the firing rate of the majority of these cells decreased. The responses to vestibular stimulation of a majority of these cells were attenuated after the compound was provided. Although these data support our hypothesis, the low fraction of fastigial nucleus neurons whose firing rate and responses to vestibular stimulation were affected by the administration of CuSO4 casts doubt on the notion that nauseogenic visceral inputs modulate motion sickness susceptibility principally through neural pathways that include the cerebellar fastigial nucleus. Instead, it appears that convergence of gastrointestinal and vestibular inputs occurs mainly in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Catanzaro
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Room 519, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Arshian MS, Hobson CE, Catanzaro MF, Miller DJ, Puterbaugh SR, Cotter LA, Yates BJ, McCall AA. Vestibular nucleus neurons respond to hindlimb movement in the decerebrate cat. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:2423-32. [PMID: 24671527 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00855.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular nuclei integrate information from vestibular and proprioceptive afferents, which presumably facilitates the maintenance of stable balance and posture. However, little is currently known about the processing of sensory signals from the limbs by vestibular nucleus neurons. This study tested the hypothesis that limb movement is encoded by vestibular nucleus neurons and described the changes in activity of these neurons elicited by limb extension and flexion. In decerebrate cats, we recorded the activity of 70 vestibular nucleus neurons whose activity was modulated by limb movements. Most of these neurons (57/70, 81.4%) encoded information about the direction of hindlimb movement, while the remaining neurons (13/70, 18.6%) encoded the presence of hindlimb movement without signaling the direction of movement. The activity of many vestibular nucleus neurons that responded to limb movement was also modulated by rotating the animal's body in vertical planes, suggesting that the neurons integrated hindlimb and labyrinthine inputs. Neurons whose firing rate increased during ipsilateral ear-down roll rotations tended to be excited by hindlimb flexion, whereas neurons whose firing rate increased during contralateral ear-down tilts were excited by hindlimb extension. These observations suggest that there is a purposeful mapping of hindlimb inputs onto vestibular nucleus neurons, such that integration of hindlimb and labyrinthine inputs to the neurons is functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad S Arshian
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Midwestern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Candace E Hobson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael F Catanzaro
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Daniel J Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonya R Puterbaugh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucy A Cotter
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
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Balaban CD, Ogburn SW, Warshafsky SG, Ahmed A, Yates BJ. Identification of neural networks that contribute to motion sickness through principal components analysis of fos labeling induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86730. [PMID: 24466215 PMCID: PMC3900607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness is a complex condition that includes both overt signs (e.g., vomiting) and more covert symptoms (e.g., anxiety and foreboding). The neural pathways that mediate these signs and symptoms are yet to identified. This study mapped the distribution of c-fos protein (Fos)-like immunoreactivity elicited during a galvanic vestibular stimulation paradigm that is known to induce motion sickness in felines. A principal components analysis was used to identify networks of neurons activated during this stimulus paradigm from functional correlations between Fos labeling in different nuclei. This analysis identified five principal components (neural networks) that accounted for greater than 95% of the variance in Fos labeling. Two of the components were correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms, and likely participated in generating the overt signs of the condition. One of these networks included neurons in locus coeruleus, medial, inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei, lateral nucleus tractus solitarius, medial parabrachial nucleus and periaqueductal gray. The second included neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus, precerebellar nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and parabrachial nuclei, with weaker associations of raphe nuclei. Three additional components (networks) were also identified that were not correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms. These networks likely mediated the covert aspects of motion sickness, such as affective components. The identification of five statistically independent component networks associated with the development of motion sickness provides an opportunity to consider, in network activation dimensions, the complex progression of signs and symptoms that are precipitated in provocative environments. Similar methodology can be used to parse the neural networks that mediate other complex responses to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey D. Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah W. Ogburn
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan G. Warshafsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abdul Ahmed
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Horn CC, Meyers K, Lim A, Dye M, Pak D, Rinaman L, Yates BJ. Delineation of vagal emetic pathways: intragastric copper sulfate-induced emesis and viral tract tracing in musk shrews. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R341-51. [PMID: 24430885 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00413.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signals from the vestibular system, area postrema, and forebrain elicit nausea and vomiting, but gastrointestinal (GI) vagal afferent input arguably plays the most prominent role in defense against food poisoning. It is difficult to determine the contribution of GI vagal afferent input on emesis because various agents (e.g., chemotherapy) often act on multiple sensory pathways. Intragastric copper sulfate (CuSO4) potentially provides a specific vagal emetic stimulus, but its actions are not well defined in musk shrews (Suncus murinus), a primary small animal model used to study emesis. The aims of the current study were 1) to investigate the effects of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on CuSO4-induced emesis and 2) to conduct preliminary transneuronal tracing of the GI-brain pathways in musk shrews. Vagotomy failed to inhibit the number of emetic episodes produced by optimal emetic doses of CuSO4 (60 and 120 mg/kg ig), but the effects of lower doses were dependent on an intact vagus (20 and 40 mg/kg). Vagotomy also failed to affect emesis produced by motion (1 Hz, 10 min) or nicotine administration (5 mg/kg sc). Anterograde transport of the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus-1 from the ventral stomach wall identified the following brain regions as receiving inputs from vagal afferents: the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. These data indicate that the contribution of vagal pathways to intragastric CuSO4-induced emesis is dose dependent in musk shrews. Furthermore, the current neural tracing data suggest brain stem anatomical circuits that are activated by GI signaling in the musk shrew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Medicine in Oncology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Arshian MS, Puterbaugh SR, Miller DJ, Catanzaro MF, Hobson CE, McCall AA, Yates BJ. Effects of visceral inputs on the processing of labyrinthine signals by the inferior and caudal medial vestibular nuclei: ramifications for the production of motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 2013; 228:353-63. [PMID: 23712685 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons located in the caudal aspect of the vestibular nucleus complex have been shown to receive visceral inputs and project to brainstem regions that participate in generating emesis, such as nucleus tractus solitarius and the "vomiting region" in the lateral tegmental field (LTF). Consequently, it has been hypothesized that neurons in the caudal vestibular nuclei participate in triggering motion sickness and that visceral inputs to the vestibular nucleus complex can affect motion sickness susceptibility. To obtain supporting evidence for this hypothesis, we determined the effects of intragastric infusion of copper sulfate (CuSO4) on responses of neurons in the inferior and caudal medial vestibular nuclei to rotations in vertical planes. CuSO4 readily elicits nausea and emesis by activating gastrointestinal (GI) afferents. Infusion of CuSO4 produced a >30 % change in spontaneous firing rate of approximately one-third of neurons in the caudal aspect of the vestibular nucleus complex. These changes in firing rate developed over several minutes, presumably in tandem with the emetic response. The gains of responses to vertical vestibular stimulation of a larger fraction (approximately two-thirds) of caudal vestibular nucleus neurons were altered over 30 % by administration of CuSO4. The response gains of some units went up, and others went down, and there was no significant relationship with concurrent spontaneous firing rate change. These findings support the notion that the effects of visceral inputs on motion sickness susceptibility are mediated in part through the caudal vestibular nuclei. However, our previous studies showed that infusion of CuSO4 produced larger changes in response to vestibular stimulation of LTF neurons, as well as parabrachial nucleus neurons that are believed to participate in generating nausea. Thus, integrative effects of GI inputs on the processing of labyrinthine inputs must occur at brain sites that participate in eliciting motion sickness in addition to the caudal vestibular nuclei. It seems likely that the occurrence of motion sickness requires converging inputs to brain areas that generate nausea and vomiting from a variety of regions that process vestibular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad S Arshian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Room 519, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Horn CC, Kimball BA, Wang H, Kaus J, Dienel S, Nagy A, Gathright GR, Yates BJ, Andrews PLR. Why can't rodents vomit? A comparative behavioral, anatomical, and physiological study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60537. [PMID: 23593236 PMCID: PMC3622671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vomiting (emetic) reflex is documented in numerous mammalian species, including primates and carnivores, yet laboratory rats and mice appear to lack this response. It is unclear whether these rodents do not vomit because of anatomical constraints (e.g., a relatively long abdominal esophagus) or lack of key neural circuits. Moreover, it is unknown whether laboratory rodents are representative of Rodentia with regards to this reflex. Here we conducted behavioral testing of members of all three major groups of Rodentia; mouse-related (rat, mouse, vole, beaver), Ctenohystrica (guinea pig, nutria), and squirrel-related (mountain beaver) species. Prototypical emetic agents, apomorphine (sc), veratrine (sc), and copper sulfate (ig), failed to produce either retching or vomiting in these species (although other behavioral effects, e.g., locomotion, were noted). These rodents also had anatomical constraints, which could limit the efficiency of vomiting should it be attempted, including reduced muscularity of the diaphragm and stomach geometry that is not well structured for moving contents towards the esophagus compared to species that can vomit (cat, ferret, and musk shrew). Lastly, an in situ brainstem preparation was used to make sensitive measures of mouth, esophagus, and shoulder muscular movements, and phrenic nerve activity–key features of emetic episodes. Laboratory mice and rats failed to display any of the common coordinated actions of these indices after typical emetic stimulation (resiniferatoxin and vagal afferent stimulation) compared to musk shrews. Overall the results suggest that the inability to vomit is a general property of Rodentia and that an absent brainstem neurological component is the most likely cause. The implications of these findings for the utility of rodents as models in the area of emesis research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Medicine in Oncology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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Yates BJ, Moy JD, Miller DJ, Catanzaro MF, Boyle BD, Ogburn SW, Cotter LA, McCall AA. Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmental field to visceral inputs and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.932.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | | | - Daniel J Miller
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | - Michael F Catanzaro
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | - Bret D Boyle
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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Arshian MS, Puterbaugh SR, Cotter LA, Yates BJ, McCall AA. Responses of vestibular nucleus neurons to hindlimb movement in decerebrate cats. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.932.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad S Arshian
- Midwestern University College of Osteopathic MedicinePittsburghPA
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | | | | | - Bill J Yates
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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McCall AA, Moy JD, Puterbaugh SR, DeMayo WM, Yates BJ. Responses of vestibular nucleus neurons to inputs from the hindlimb are enhanced following a bilateral labyrinthectomy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:742-51. [PMID: 23305979 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01389.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular nucleus neurons have been shown to respond to stimulation of afferents innervating the limbs. However, a limitation in the potential translation of these findings is that they were obtained from decerebrate or anesthetized animals. The goal of the present study was to determine whether stimulation of hindlimb nerves similarly affects vestibular nucleus neuronal activity in conscious cats, and whether the responsiveness of neurons to the stimuli is altered following a bilateral labyrinthectomy. In labyrinth-intact animals, the firing rate of 24/59 (41%) of the neurons in the caudal vestibular nucleus complex was affected by hindlimb nerve stimulation. Most responses were excitatory; the median response latency was 20 ms, but some units had response latencies as short as 10 ms. In the first week after a bilateral labyrinthectomy, the proportion of vestibular nucleus neurons that responded to hindlimb nerve stimulation increased slightly (to 24/55 or 44% of units). However, during the subsequent postlabyrinthectomy survival period, the proportion of vestibular nucleus neurons with hindlimb inputs increased significantly (to 30/49 or 61% of units). Stimuli to hindlimb nerves needed to elicit neuronal responses was consistently over three times the threshold for eliciting an afferent volley. These data show that inputs from hindlimb afferents smaller than those innervating muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs affect the processing of information in the vestibular nuclei, and that these inputs are enhanced following a bilateral labyrinthectomy. These findings have implications for the development of a limb neuroprosthetics device for the management of bilateral vestibular loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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McCall AA, Moy JD, DeMayo WM, Puterbaugh SR, Miller DJ, Catanzaro MF, Yates BJ. Processing of vestibular inputs by the medullary lateral tegmental field of conscious cats: implications for generation of motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 2012; 225:349-59. [PMID: 23274644 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral reticular formation of the caudal medulla, the lateral tegmental field (LTF), participates in generating vomiting. LTF neurons exhibited complex responses to vestibular stimulation in decerebrate cats, indicating that they received converging inputs from a variety of labyrinthine receptors. Such a convergence pattern of vestibular inputs is appropriate for a brain region that participates in generating motion sickness. Since responses of brainstem neurons to vestibular stimulation can differ between decerebrate and conscious animals, the current study examined the effects of whole-body rotations in vertical planes on the activity of LTF neurons in conscious felines. Wobble stimuli, fixed-amplitude tilts, the direction of which moves around the animal at a constant speed, were used to determine the response vector orientation, and also to ascertain whether neurons had spatial-temporal convergence (STC) behavior (which is due to the convergence of vestibular inputs with different spatial and temporal properties). The proportion of LTF neurons with STC behavior in conscious animals (25 %) was similar to that in decerebrate cats. Far fewer neurons in other regions of the feline brainstem had STC behavior, confirming findings that many LTF neurons receive converging inputs from a variety of labyrinthine receptors. However, responses to vertical plane vestibular stimulation were considerably different in decerebrate and conscious felines for LTF neurons lacking STC behavior. In decerebrate cats, most LTF neurons had graviceptive responses to rotations, similar to those of otolith organ afferents. However, in conscious animals, the response properties were similar to those of semicircular canal afferents. These differences show that higher centers of the brain that are removed during decerebration regulate the labyrinthine inputs relayed to the LTF, either by gating connections in the brainstem or by conveying vestibular inputs directly to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Room 519, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Moy JD, Miller DJ, Catanzaro MF, Boyle BM, Ogburn SW, Cotter LA, Yates BJ, McCall AA. Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmental field to visceral inputs and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R929-40. [PMID: 22955058 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral reticular formation of the caudal medulla, or the lateral tegmental field (LTF), has been classified as the brain's "vomiting center", as well as an important region in regulating sympathetic outflow. We examined the responses of LTF neurons in cats to rotations of the body that activate vestibular receptors, as well as to stimulation of baroreceptors (through mechanical stretch of the carotid sinus) and gastrointestinal receptors (through the intragastric administration of the emetic compound copper sulfate). Approximately half of the LTF neurons exhibited graviceptive responses to vestibular stimulation, similar to primary afferents innervating otolith organs. The other half of the neurons had complex responses, including spatiotemporal convergence behavior, suggesting that they received convergent inputs from a variety of vestibular receptors. Neurons that received gastrointestinal and baroreceptor inputs had similar complex responses to vestibular stimulation; such responses are expected for neurons that contribute to the generation of motion sickness. LTF units with convergent baroreceptor and vestibular inputs may participate in producing the cardiovascular system components of motion sickness, such as the changes in skin blood flow that result in pallor. The administration of copper sulfate often modulated the gain of responses of LTF neurons to vestibular stimulation, particularly for units whose spontaneous firing rate was altered by infusion of drug (median of 459%). The present results raise the prospect that emetic signals from the gastrointestinal tract modify the processing of vestibular inputs by LTF neurons, thereby affecting the probability that vomiting will occur as a consequence of motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Moy
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Gowen MF, Ogburn SW, Suzuki T, Sugiyama Y, Cotter LA, Yates BJ. Collateralization of projections from the rostral ventrolateral medulla to the rostral and caudal thoracic spinal cord in felines. Exp Brain Res 2012; 220:121-33. [PMID: 22623097 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of vestibular receptors elicits distinct changes in blood flow to the forelimb and hindlimb, showing that the nervous system has the capacity to produce changes in sympathetic outflow which are specific for a particular region of the body. However, it is unclear whether the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), the primary region of the brainstem that regulates sympathetic outflow to vascular smooth muscle, has the appropriate connectivity with sympathetic preganglionic neurons to generate anatomically patterned responses. To make this determination, the retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue was injected into the T(4) spinal cord segment of cats, which regulates upper body blood flow, whereas Fluoro-Ruby was injected into the T(10) segment to label projections to a region of the spinal cord that regulates lower body blood flow. More neurons were single-labeled by a particular tracer (92 %) than were double labeled by both tracers (8 %), supporting the notion that the RVLM can regulate sympathetic outflow from a limited number of spinal cord segments. Since a large fraction of RVLM neurons that control sympathetic outflow in rodents contain epinephrine, we additionally determined whether the tracer-labeled cells were immunopositive for the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which participates in the synthesis of catecholamines. Double labeling by the two tracers injected into the spinal cord was more common for TH-immunopositive neurons than for the general population of RVLM neurons: 19 % of the TH-positive cells contained both Fast Blue and Fluoro-Ruby, 30 % contained one of the tracers, and 51 % were not labeled by either tracer. Furthermore, many spinally projecting neurons in close proximity to the RVLM catecholaminergic neurons (41 % of the population) were not immunopositive for TH, suggesting that feline RVLM is neurochemically heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Gowen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Carlino L, Weber SA, Gowen MF, Yates BJ. Selective innervation of upper and lower thoracic spinal segments by medullary raphe neurons in felines. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1091.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bill J Yates
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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Gowen MF, Weber SA, Suzuki T, Sugiyama Y, Yates BJ. Collateralizaton of projections of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neurons to levels of the thoracic spinal cord that regulate upper‐ and lower‐body blood flow. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1091.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bill J Yates
- NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- OtolaryngologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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