1
|
Johnston H, Brown DM, Kanase N, Euston M, Gaiser BK, Robb CT, Dyrynda E, Rossi AG, Brown ER, Stone V. Mechanism of neutrophil activation and toxicity elicited by engineered nanomaterials. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1172-84. [PMID: 25962642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nanomaterials (NMs) on biological systems, especially their ability to stimulate inflammatory responses requires urgent investigation. We evaluated the response of the human differentiated HL60 neutrophil-like cell line to NMs. It was hypothesised that NM physico-chemical characteristics would influence cell responsiveness by altering intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i and reactive oxygen species production. Cells were exposed (1.95-125 μg/ml, 24 h) to silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or ultrafine carbon black (ufCB) and cytotoxicity assessed (alamar blue assay). Relatively low (TiO2, MWCNTs, ufCB) or high (Ag, ZnO) cytotoxicity NMs were identified. Sub-lethal impacts of NMs on cell function were investigated for selected NMs only, namely TiO2, Ag and ufCB. Only Ag stimulated cell activation. Within minutes, Ag stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i (in Fura-2 loaded cells), and a prominent inward ion current (assessed by electrophysiology). Within 2-4 h, Ag increased superoxide anion release and stimulated cytokine production (MCP-1, IL-8) that was diminished by Ca2+ inhibitors or trolox. Light microscopy demonstrated that cells had an activated phenotype. In conclusion NM toxicity was ranked; Ag>ufCB>TiO2, and the battery of tests used provided insight into the mechanism of action of NM toxicity to guide future testing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helinor Johnston
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - David M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh Kanase
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Euston
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit K Gaiser
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Calum T Robb
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Dyrynda
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Euan R Brown
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kermanizadeh A, Gaiser BK, Johnston H, Brown DM, Stone V. Toxicological effect of engineered nanomaterials on the liver. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3980-7. [PMID: 24111818 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a crucial role in metabolic homeostasis, as it is responsible for the storage, synthesis, metabolism and redistribution of carbohydrates, fats and vitamins, and numerous essential proteins. It is also the principal detoxification centre of the body, removing xenobiotics and waste products by metabolism or biliary excretion. An increasing number of studies have shown that some nanomaterials (NMs) are capable of distributing from the site of exposure (e.g. lungs, gut) to a number of secondary organs, including the liver. As a secondary exposure site the liver has been shown to preferentially accumulate NMs (>90% of translocated NMs compared with other organs), and alongside the kidneys may be responsible for the clearance of NMs from the blood. Research into the toxicity posed by NMs to the liver is expanding due to the realization that NMs accumulate in this organ following exposure via a variety of routes (e.g. ingestion, injection and inhalation). Thus it is critical to consider what advances have been made in the investigation of NM hepatotoxicity, as well as appraising the quality of the information available and gaps in the knowledge that still exist. The overall aim of this review is to outline what data are available in the literature for the toxicity elicited by NMs to the liver in order to establish a weight of evidence approach (for risk assessors) to inform on the potential hazards posed by NMs to the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kermanizadeh
- Nanosafety Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ucciferri N, Collnot EM, Gaiser BK, Tirella A, Stone V, Domenici C, Lehr CM, Ahluwalia A. In vitro toxicological screening of nanoparticles on primary human endothelial cells and the role of flow in modulating cell response. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:697-708. [PMID: 23909703 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.831500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
After passage through biological barriers, nanomaterials inevitably end up in contact with the vascular endothelium and can induce cardiovascular damage. In this study the toxicity and sub-lethal effects of six types of nanoparticle, including four of industrial and biomedical importance, on human endothelial cells were investigated using different in vitro assays. The results show that all the particles investigated induce some level of damage to the cells and that silver particles were most toxic, followed by titanium dioxide. Furthermore, endothelial cells were shown to be more susceptible when exposed to silver nanoparticles under flow conditions in a bioreactor. The study underlines that although simple in vitro tests are useful to screen compounds and to identify the type of effect induced on cells, they may not be sufficient to define safe exposure limits. Therefore, once initial toxicity screening has been conducted on nanomaterials, it is necessary to develop more physiologically relevant in vitro models to better understand how nanomaterials can impact on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ucciferri
- Interdepartmental Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kermanizadeh A, Vranic S, Boland S, Moreau K, Baeza-Squiban A, Gaiser BK, Andrzejczuk LA, Stone V. An in vitro assessment of panel of engineered nanomaterials using a human renal cell line: cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory response, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:96. [PMID: 23617532 PMCID: PMC3648395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaiser BK, Hirn S, Kermanizadeh A, Kanase N, Fytianos K, Wenk A, Haberl N, Brunelli A, Kreyling WG, Stone V. Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Liver and Hepatocytes In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:537-47. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Kermanizadeh A, Gaiser BK, Ward MB, Stone V. Primary human hepatocytes versus hepatic cell line: assessing their suitability for in vitro nanotoxicology. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:1255-71. [PMID: 23009365 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.734341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of hepatocyte cell lines as a replacement for animal models have been heavily criticised mainly due to low expression of metabolism enzymes. This study compares primary human hepatocytes with the C3A cell line and with respect to their response to a panel of nanomaterials (NMs; two ZnO, two MWCNTs, one Ag and one positively functionalised TiO₂). The cell line was very comparable with the primary hepatocytes with regards to their cytotoxic response to the NMs (Ag > uncoated ZnO > coated ZnO). The LC₅₀ was not attained in the presence of the MWCNTs and the TiO₂ NMs. All NMs significantly increased IL-8 production, with no change in levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Albumin production was measured as an indicator of hepatic function. The authors found no change in levels of albumin with the exception of the coated ZnO NM at the LC₅₀ concentration. NM uptake was similar for both the primary hepatocytes and C3A cells as investigated by TEM. Meanwhile, the authors confirmed greater levels of CYP450 activity in untreated primary cells. This study demonstrates that the C3A cell line is a good model for investigating NM-induced hepatocyte responses with respect to uptake, cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and albumin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building , Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kermanizadeh A, Gaiser BK, Hutchison GR, Stone V. An in vitro liver model--assessing oxidative stress and genotoxicity following exposure of hepatocytes to a panel of engineered nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:28. [PMID: 22812506 PMCID: PMC3546021 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Following exposure via inhalation, intratracheal instillation or ingestion some nanomaterials (NM) have been shown to translocate to the liver. Since oxidative stress has been implicated as a possible mechanism for NM toxicity this study aimed to investigate the effects of various materials (five titanium dioxide (TiO2), two zinc oxide (ZnO), two multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and one silver (Ag) NM) on oxidative responses of C3A cell line as a model for potential detrimental properties of nanomaterials on the liver. Results We noted a dose dependant decrease in the cellular glutathione content following exposure of the C3A cells to Ag, the ZnO and the MWCNTs. Intracellular ROS levels were also measured and shown to increase significantly following exposure of the C3A to the low toxicity NMs (MWCNT and TiO2). The antioxidant Trolox in part prevented the detrimental effect of NMs on cell viability, and decreased the NM induced IL8 production after exposure to all but the Ag particulate. Following 4 hr exposure of the C3A cells to sub-lethal levels of the NMs, the largest amount of DNA damage was induced by two of the TiO2 samples (7 nm and the positively charged 10 nm particles). Conclusions All ten NMs exhibited effects on the hepatocyte cell line that were at least in part ROS/oxidative stress mediated. These effects included mild genotoxicity and IL8 production for all NM except the Ag possibly due to its highly cytotoxic nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety Research Group, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kermanizadeh A, Pojana G, Gaiser BK, Birkedal R, Bilanicová D, Wallin H, Jensen KA, Sellergren B, Hutchison GR, Marcomini A, Stone V. In vitro assessment of engineered nanomaterials using a hepatocyte cell line: cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokines and functional markers. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:301-13. [PMID: 22263564 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.653416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects on the liver C3A cell line treated with a panel of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) consisting of two zinc oxide particles (ZnO; coated 100 nm and uncoated 130 nm), two multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), one silver (Ag < 20 nm), one 7 nm anatase, two rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (10 and 94 nm) and two derivatives with positive and negative covalent functionalisation of the 10 nm rutile were evaluated. The silver particles elicited the greatest level of cytotoxicity (24 h LC50 - 2 µg/cm(2)). The silver was followed by the uncoated ZnO (24 h LC50 - 7.5 µg/cm(2)) and coated ZnO (24 h LC50 - 15 µg/cm(2)) particles with respect to cytotoxicity. The ZnO NMs were found to be about 50-60% soluble which could account for their toxicity. By contrast, the Ag was <1% soluble. The LC50 was not attained in the presence of any of the other engineered NMs (up to 80 µg/cm(2)). All NMs significantly increased IL-8 production. Meanwhile, no significant change in TNF-α, IL-6 or CRP was detected. Urea and albumin production were measured as indicators of hepatic function. These markers were only altered by the coated and uncoated ZnO, which significantly decreased albumin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gaiser BK, Fernandes TF, Jepson MA, Lead JR, Tyler CR, Baalousha M, Biswas A, Britton GJ, Cole PA, Johnston BD, Ju-Nam Y, Rosenkranz P, Scown TM, Stone V. Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:144-54. [PMID: 22002553 DOI: 10.1002/etc.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number and quantity of manufactured nanoparticles are entering the environment as the diversity of their applications increases, and this will lead to the exposure of both humans and wildlife. However, little is known regarding their potential health effects. We compared the potential biological effects of silver (Ag; nominally 35 and 600-1,600 nm) and cerium dioxide (CeO(2;) nominally <25 nm and 1-5 µm) particles in a range of cell (human hepatocyte and intestinal and fish hepatocyte) and animal (Daphnia magna, Cyprinus carpio) models to assess possible commonalities in toxicity across taxa. A variety of analytical techniques were employed to characterize the particles and investigate their biological uptake. Silver particles were more toxic than CeO(2) in all test systems, and an equivalent mass dose of Ag nanoparticles was more toxic than larger micro-sized material. Cellular uptake of all materials tested was shown in C3A hepatocytes and Caco-2 intestinal cells, and for Ag, into the intestine, liver, gallbladder, and gills of carp exposed via the water. The commonalities in toxicity of these particle types across diverse biological systems suggest that cross-species extrapolations may be possible for metal nanoparticle test development in the future. Our findings also suggest transport of particles through the gastrointestinal barrier, which is likely to be an important uptake route when assessing particle risk.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gaiser BK, Biswas A, Rosenkranz P, Jepson MA, Lead JR, Stone V, Tyler CR, Fernandes TF. Effects of silver and cerium dioxide micro- and nano-sized particles on Daphnia magna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1227-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10060b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Gaiser BK, Fernandes TF, Jepson M, Lead JR, Tyler CR, Stone V. Assessing exposure, uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles from contaminated environments. Environ Health 2009; 8 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 20102587 PMCID: PMC2796498 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this project was to compare cerium oxide and silver particles of different sizes for their potential for uptake by aquatic species, human exposure via ingestion of contaminated food sources and to assess their resultant toxicity. The results demonstrate the potential for uptake of nano and larger particles by fish via the gastrointestinal tract, and by human intestinal epithelial cells, therefore suggesting that ingestion is a viable route of uptake into different organism types. A consistency was also shown in the sensitivity of aquatic, fish cell and human cell models to Ag and CeO2 particles of different sizes; with the observed sensitivity sequence from highest to lowest as: nano-Ag > micro Ag > nano CeO2 = micro CeO2. Such consistency suggests that further studies might allow extrapolation of results between different models and species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit K Gaiser
- Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | | | - Mark Jepson
- Cell Imaging Facility and Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jamie R Lead
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Environmental and Molecular Fish Biology, The Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gaiser BK, Lockley DJ, Staines AG, Baarnhielm C, Burchell B. Almokalant glucuronidation in human liver and kidney microsomes: evidence for the involvement of UGT1A9 and 2B7. Xenobiotica 2008; 33:1073-83. [PMID: 14660172 DOI: 10.1080/00498250310001609129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Almokalant, a class III antiarrythmic drug, is metabolized to form isomeric glucuronides identified in human urine. Synthesis of the total glucuronide was studied in human liver and kidney microsomes. Recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) were screened for activity and kinetic analysis was performed to identify the isoform(s) responsible for the formation of almokalant glucuronide in man. 2. From a panel of recombinant isoforms used, both UGT1A9 and 2B7 catalysed the glucuronidation of almokalant. The Km values in both instances were similar with 1.06 mM for the 1A9 and 0.97 mM for the 2B7. Vmax for 1A9 was fourfold higher than that measured for UGT2B7, 92 compared with 21 pmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively, but UGT1A9 was expressed at approximately twofold higher level than the UGT2B7 in the recombinant cell lines. Therefore, the contribution of UGT2B7 to almokalant glucuronidation could be as significant as that of UGT1A9 in man. 3. Liver and kidney microsomes displayed similar Km values to the cloned expressed UGTs, with the liver and kidney microsomes at 1.68 and 1.06 mM almost identical to the 1A9. 4. The results suggest a significant role for UGT1A9 and 2B7 in the catalysis of almokalant glucuronidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B K Gaiser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|