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Carlsson MJ, Vollmer AS, Demuth P, Heylmann D, Reich D, Quarz C, Rasenberger B, Nikolova T, Hofmann TG, Christmann M, Fuhlbrueck JA, Stegmüller S, Richling E, Cartus AT, Fahrer J. p53 triggers mitochondrial apoptosis following DNA damage-dependent replication stress by the hepatotoxin methyleugenol. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1009. [PMID: 36446765 PMCID: PMC9708695 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide, which is causally linked to viral infection, fatty liver disease, life-style factors and food-borne carcinogens, particularly aflatoxins. Moreover, genotoxic plant toxins including phenylpropenes are suspected human liver carcinogens. The phenylpropene methyleugenol (ME) is a constituent of essential oils in many plants and occurs in herbal medicines, food, and cosmetics. Following its uptake, ME undergoes Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1)-dependent metabolic activation, giving rise to DNA damage. However, little is known about the cellular response to the induced DNA adducts. Here, we made use of different SULT1A1-proficient cell models including primary hepatocytes that were treated with 1'-hydroxymethyleugenol (OH-ME) as main phase I metabolite. Firstly, mass spectrometry showed a concentration-dependent formation of N2-MIE-dG as major DNA adduct, strongly correlating with SULT1A1 expression as attested in cells with and without human SULT1A1. ME-derived DNA damage activated mainly the ATR-mediated DNA damage response as shown by phosphorylation of CHK1 and histone 2AX, followed by p53 accumulation and CHK2 phosphorylation. Consistent with these findings, the DNA adducts decreased replication speed and caused replication fork stalling. OH-ME treatment reduced viability particularly in cell lines with wild-type p53 and triggered apoptotic cell death, which was rescued by pan-caspase-inhibition. Further experiments demonstrated mitochondrial apoptosis as major cell death pathway. ME-derived DNA damage caused upregulation of the p53-responsive genes NOXA and PUMA, Bax activation, and cytochrome c release followed by caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage. We finally demonstrated the crucial role of p53 for OH-ME triggered cell death as evidenced by reduced pro-apoptotic gene expression, strongly attenuated Bax activation and cell death inhibition upon genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of p53. Taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that ME-derived DNA damage causes replication stress and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis via the p53-Bax pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. Carlsson
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anastasia S. Vollmer
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Present Address: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Demuth
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Heylmann
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Diana Reich
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Quarz
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Birgit Rasenberger
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Hofmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Christmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia A. Fuhlbrueck
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Stegmüller
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexander T. Cartus
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Arnold C, Demuth P, Seiwert N, Wittmann S, Boengler K, Rasenberger B, Christmann M, Huber M, Brunner T, Linnebacher M, Fahrer J. The mitochondrial disruptor devimistat (CPI-613®) synergizes with genotoxic anticancer drugs in colorectal cancer therapy in a Bim-dependent manner. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 21:100-112. [PMID: 34750196 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent tumor entities, with an increasing incidence and mortality in younger adults in Europe and the US. 5-year survival rates for advanced CRC are still low, highlighting the need for novel targets in CRC therapy. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the compound devimistat (CPI 613®) that targets altered mitochondrial cancer cell metabolism and its synergism with the antineoplastic drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan (IT) in CRC. Devimistat exerted a comparable cytotoxicity in a panel of established CRC cell lines and patient-derived short-term culture independent of their genetic and epigenetic status, whereas human colonic epithelial cells were more resistant indicating tumor selectivity. These findings were corroborated in intestinal organoid and tumoroid models. Mechanistically, devimistat disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and severely impaired mitochondrial respiration, resulting in CRC cell death induction independent of p53. Combination treatment of devimistat with 5-FU or IT demonstrated synergistic cell killing in CRC cells as shown by Combenefit modelling and Chou-Talalay analysis. Increased cell death induction was revealed as major mechanism involving downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes and accumulation of pro-apoptotic Bim, which was confirmed by its genetic knockdown. In human CRC xenograft mouse models, devimistat showed anti-tumor activity and synergized with IT, resulting in prolonged survival and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In human tumor xenografts, devimistat prevented IT-triggered p53 stabilization and caused synergistic Bim induction. Taken together, our study revealed devimistat as a promising candidate in CRC therapy by synergizing with established antineoplastic drugs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern
| | - Philipp Demuth
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern
| | - Nina Seiwert
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz
| | - Simon Wittmann
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern
| | | | | | | | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipp University of Marburg
| | | | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern
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Schwarzenbach C, Tatsch L, Brandstetter Vilar J, Rasenberger B, Beltzig L, Kaina B, Tomicic MT, Christmann M. Targeting c-IAP1, c-IAP2, and Bcl-2 Eliminates Senescent Glioblastoma Cells Following Temozolomide Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143585. [PMID: 34298797 PMCID: PMC8306656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite extensive research, malignant glioma remains the most aggressive and fatal type of brain tumor. Following resection, therapy is based on radiation concomitant with the methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ), followed by adjuvant high-dose TMZ. In previous work, we showed that following TMZ exposure, most glioma cells evade apoptosis and enter a senescent state and are thereby protected against anticancer therapy. Senescent cells may escape from senescence, contributing to the formation of recurrences or can induce the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which may impact therapy success. Therefore, direct targeting of senescent cells might be favorable to improve the effect of TMZ-based anticancer therapy. Here we show that during TMZ-induced senescence in glioblastoma cells, the antiapoptotic factors c-IAP2 and Bcl-2 are responsible for the prevention of cell death and that inhibition of these factors by BV6 and venetoclax effectively kills senescent glioblastoma cells. Abstract Therapy of malignant glioma depends on the induction of O6-methylguanine by the methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). However, following TMZ exposure, most glioma cells evade apoptosis and become senescent and are thereby protected against further anticancer therapy. This protection is thought to be dependent on the senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathway (SCAP). Here we analyzed the factors involved in the SCAP upon exposure to TMZ in glioblastoma cell lines (LN-229, A172, U87MG) and examined whether inhibition of these factors could enhance TMZ-based toxicity by targeting senescent cells. We observed that following TMZ treatment, c-IAP2 and Bcl-2 were upregulated. Inhibition of these SCAP factors using non-toxic concentrations of the small molecule inhibitors, BV6 and venetoclax, significantly increased cell death, as measured 144 h after TMZ exposure. Most importantly, BV6 and venetoclax treatment of senescent cells strongly increased cell death after an additional 120 h. Moreover, Combenefit analyses revealed a significant synergy combining BV6 and venetoclax. In contrast to BV6 and venetoclax, AT406, embelin, and TMZ itself, teniposide and the PARP inhibitor pamiparib did not increase cell death in senescent cells. Based on these data, we suggest that BV6 and venetoclax act as senolytic agents in glioblastoma cells upon TMZ exposure.
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Tomicic MT, Steigerwald C, Rasenberger B, Brozovic A, Christmann M. Functional mismatch repair and inactive p53 drive sensitization of colorectal cancer cells to irinotecan via the IAP antagonist BV6. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2265-2277. [PMID: 31289894 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A common strategy to overcome acquired chemotherapy resistance is the combination of a specific anticancer drug (e.g., topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan) together with a putative sensitizer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cytostatic/cytotoxic response of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells to irinotecan, depending on the mismatch repair (MMR) and p53 status and to examine the impact of BV6, a bivalent antagonist of inhibitors of apoptosis c-IAP1/c-IAP2, alone or combined with irinotecan. Therefore, several MSH2- or MSH6-deficient cell lines were complemented for MMR deficiency, or MSH6 was knocked out/down in MMR-proficient cells. Upon irinotecan, MMR-deficient/p53-mutated lines repaired DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination less efficiently than MMR-proficient/p53-mutated lines and underwent elevated caspase-9-dependent apoptosis. Opposite, BV6-mediated sensitization was achieved only in MMR-proficient/p53-mutated cells. In those cells, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 were effectively degraded by BV6, caspase-8 was fully activated, and both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling were triggered. The results were confirmed ex vivo in tumor organoids from CRC patients. Therefore, the particular MMR+/p53mt signature, often found in non-metastasizing (stage II) CRC might be used as a prognostic factor for an adjuvant therapy using low-dose irinotecan combined with a bivalent IAP antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja T Tomicic
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55130, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christian Steigerwald
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55130, Mainz, Germany
| | - Birgit Rasenberger
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55130, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55130, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55130, Mainz, Germany
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Christmann M, Tomicic M, Aasland D, Schulz J, Berdelle N, Reischmann P, Birkner R, Rasenberger B, Kaina B. c-Fos/AP-1 dependent regulation of the three prime exonuclease 1 (TREX1) by genotoxic stress. Toxicol Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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