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Perumal V, Khatib A, Uddin Ahmed Q, Fathamah Uzir B, Abas F, Murugesu S, Zuwairi Saiman M, Primaharinastiti R, El-Seedi H. Antioxidants profile of Momordica charantia fruit extract analyzed using LC-MS-QTOF-based metabolomics. Food Chem (Oxf) 2021; 2:100012. [PMID: 35415640 PMCID: PMC8991829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Momordica charantia fruit is claimed to have healthy benefit. Despite this potential claim, the phytochemical study of this fruit is still lacking. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidants profile of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) fruit. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts of various polarities was evaluated and the metabolites that are responsible for its activity were identified using metabolomics approach. Six different mixture of ethanol in water that are 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (v/v) was extracted using dveseeded fruit sample. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-quadrupole time of flight and multivariate data analysis was used to identify the metabolites that were either antioxidants or pro-oxidants. The 80% ethanol extract exhibited the most antioxidant activity when tested in both 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant assays. This extract showed the most intense LC-MS signals represented to ascorbic acid, margarolic acid, brevifolincarboxylic acid, quercetin 3-O-glycoside, kuguacin H, cucurbitacin E, 3-malonylmomordicin I, and goyaglycoside G correlating to the anti-oxidant activity. This study reports for the first time the existence of brevifolincarboxylic acid in this fruit, and the antioxidant activity of 3-malonylmomordicin I and goyaglycoside G. In addition, the loading plots revealed the unknown compounds possessing the antioxidant activity which are potential to be isolated in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikneswari Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60155, Indonesia
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Bisha Fathamah Uzir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Suganya Murugesu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zuwairi Saiman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Hesham El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Murugesu S, Khatib A, Ahmed QU, Ibrahim Z, Uzir BF, Benchoula K, Yusoff NIN, Perumal V, Alajmi MF, Salamah S, El-Seedi HR. Toxicity study on Clinacanthus nutans leaf hexane fraction using Danio rerio embryos. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1148-1154. [PMID: 31993329 PMCID: PMC6978205 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The C. nutans n-hexane fraction is harmful with the LC50 of 75.49 μg/mL. The mortality rate increased as the fraction concentration increased. Morphological defects such as less pigmentation, dented tail, oedema malformed yolk sac was detected at the median lethal concentration. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of sterols, fatty acids and some of its derivatives in the n-hexane fraction.
Clinacanthus nutans, an herbal shrub belonging to the Acanthaceae family, is traditionally used as a functional food to treat various ailments in Malaysia and Indonesia. Although the polar fraction of this plant shows non-toxic effect, the toxicity of the non-polar extract is not reported so far. The present study aimed to assess the toxic effect and determine the lethal concentration of this non-polar fraction using zebrafish embryos. The n-hexane fraction was partitioned from the crude extract of C. nutans obtained using 80% methanolic solution. After spawning of the adult male and female zebrafish, the eggs were collected, transferred into a 96-well plate and incubated with the n-hexane fraction at concentrations of 15.63 μg/ml, 31.25 μg/ml, 62.5 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml in 2% DMSO. The survival and sublethal endpoint were assessed, the mortality and hatchability rates were calculated based on microscopic observation, while the heartbeat rate was measured using DanioScope software. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the C. nutans n-hexane fraction, which was determined using probit analysis, was calculated to be 75.49 μg/mL, which is harmful. Moreover, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed the presence of palmitic acid, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 1-monopalmitin, stigmast-5-ene, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, 1-linolenoylglycerol and stigmasterol in the n-hexane fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Murugesu
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
- Central Research and Animal Facility, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic, University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200 Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60155, Indonesia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic, University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia.
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Zalikha Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Bisha Fathamah Uzir
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Idris Nik Yusoff
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswari Perumal
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahal Salamah
- King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Al-Rayan Research and Innovation Center, Al-Rayan Colleges, Medina, 42541, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Khatib A, Perumal V, Ahmed QU, Uzir BF, Abas F, Murugesu S. Characterization of Antioxidant Activity ofMomordica CharantiaFruit by Infrared-Based Fingerprinting. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1261877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswari Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Bisha Fathamah Uzir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Suganya Murugesu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
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