1
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Zhou Hagström N, Schneider M, Kerber N, Yaroslavtsev A, Burgos Parra E, Beg M, Lang M, Günther CM, Seng B, Kammerbauer F, Popescu H, Pancaldi M, Neeraj K, Polley D, Jangid R, Hrkac SB, Patel SKK, Ovcharenko S, Turenne D, Ksenzov D, Boeglin C, Baidakova M, von Korff Schmising C, Borchert M, Vodungbo B, Chen K, Luo C, Radu F, Müller L, Martínez Flórez M, Philippi-Kobs A, Riepp M, Roseker W, Grübel G, Carley R, Schlappa J, Van Kuiken BE, Gort R, Mercadier L, Agarwal N, Le Guyader L, Mercurio G, Teichmann M, Delitz JT, Reich A, Broers C, Hickin D, Deiter C, Moore J, Rompotis D, Wang J, Kane D, Venkatesan S, Meier J, Pallas F, Jezynski T, Lederer M, Boukhelef D, Szuba J, Wrona K, Hauf S, Zhu J, Bergemann M, Kamil E, Kluyver T, Rosca R, Spirzewski M, Kuster M, Turcato M, Lomidze D, Samartsev A, Engelke J, Porro M, Maffessanti S, Hansen K, Erdinger F, Fischer P, Fiorini C, Castoldi A, Manghisoni M, Wunderer CB, Fullerton EE, Shpyrko OG, Gutt C, Sanchez-Hanke C, Dürr HA, Iacocca E, Nembach HT, Keller MW, Shaw JM, Silva TJ, Kukreja R, Fangohr H, Eisebitt S, Kläui M, Jaouen N, Scherz A, Bonetti S, Jal E. Megahertz-rate ultrafast X-ray scattering and holographic imaging at the European XFEL. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:1454-1464. [PMID: 36345754 PMCID: PMC9641564 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Schneider
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Kerber
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Yaroslavtsev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erick Burgos Parra
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Marijan Beg
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lang
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian M. Günther
- Technische Universität Berlin, Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Seng
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy, France
| | - Fabian Kammerbauer
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Horia Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Neeraj
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debanjan Polley
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Jangid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stjepan B. Hrkac
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sheena K. K. Patel
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Diego Turenne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dmitriy Ksenzov
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät – Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Christine Boeglin
- University of Strasbourg – CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marina Baidakova
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | | | - Martin Borchert
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kai Chen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Luo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florin Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Riepp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Carley
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Rafael Gort
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Naman Agarwal
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hickin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - James Moore
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Jinxiong Wang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Kane
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Meier
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Janusz Szuba
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Hauf
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jun Zhu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Ebad Kamil
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Robert Rosca
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michał Spirzewski
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), A. Solłana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Markus Kuster
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - David Lomidze
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andrey Samartsev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Engelke
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Matteo Porro
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Karsten Hansen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erdinger
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Carlo Fiorini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Castoldi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Manghisoni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Cornelia Beatrix Wunderer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric E. Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oleg G. Shpyrko
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian Gutt
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät – Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Hermann A. Dürr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Hans T. Nembach
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Associate, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Mark W. Keller
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Justin M. Shaw
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas J. Silva
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roopali Kukreja
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hans Fangohr
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Stefano Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
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Légaré K, Chardonnet V, Bermúdez Macias I, Hennes M, Delaunay R, Lassonde P, Légaré F, Lambert G, Jal E, Vodungbo B. Analytic description and optimization of magneto-optical Kerr setups with photoelastic modulation. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:073001. [PMID: 35922312 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Instruments based on the magneto-optical Kerr effect are routinely used to probe surface magnetic properties. These tools rely on the characterization of the polarization state of reflected light from the sample to collect information on its magnetization. Here, we present a theoretical optimization of common setups based on the magneto-optical Kerr effect. A detection scheme based on a simple analyzer and photodetector and one made from a polarizing beam splitter and balanced photodetectors are considered. The effect of including a photoelastic modulator (PEM) and a lock-in amplifier to detect the signal at harmonics of the modulating frequency is studied. Jones formalism is used to derive general expressions that link the intensity of the measured signal to the magneto-optical Fresnel reflection coefficients for any orientation of the polarizing optical components. Optimal configurations are then defined as those that allow measuring the Kerr rotation and ellipticity while minimizing nonmagnetic contributions from the diagonal Fresnel coefficients in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The expressions show that with the PEM, setups based on polarizing beam splitters inherently offer a twofold higher signal than commonly used analyzers, and the experimental results confirm that the SNR is improved by more than 150%. Furthermore, we find that while all proposed detection schemes measure Kerr effects, only those with polarizing beam splitters allow measuring the Kerr rotation directly when no modulator is included. This accommodates, for instance, time-resolved measurements at relatively low laser pulse repetition rates. Ultrafast demagnetization measurements are presented as an example of such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Valentin Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Marcel Hennes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Delaunay
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lassonde
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X1P7, Canada
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lambert
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau Cedex 91762, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Léveillé C, Desjardins K, Popescu H, Vodungbo B, Hennes M, Delaunay R, Jal E, De Angelis D, Pancaldi M, Pedersoli E, Capotondi F, Jaouen N. Single-shot experiments at the soft X-FEL FERMI using a back-side-illuminated scientific CMOS detector. Corrigendum. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:594. [PMID: 35254326 PMCID: PMC8900860 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The name of one of the authors in the article by Léveillé et al. [(2022), J. Synchrotron Rad. 29, 103-110] is corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Léveillé
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kewin Desjardins
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Horia Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marcel Hennes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Delaunay
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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Liu X, Merhe A, Jal E, Delaunay R, Jarrier R, Chardonnet V, Hennes M, Chiuzbaian SG, Légaré K, Hennecke M, Radu I, Von Korff Schmising C, Grunewald S, Kuhlmann M, Lüning J, Vodungbo B. Sub-15-fs X-ray pump and X-ray probe experiment for the study of ultrafast magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic alloys. Opt Express 2021; 29:32388-32403. [PMID: 34615311 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new setup for the measurement of element-specific ultrafast magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic thin films with a sub-15-fs time resolution. Our experiment relies on a split and delay approach which allows us to fully exploit the shortest X-rays pulses delivered by X-ray Free Electrons Lasers (close to the attosecond range), in an X-ray pump - X-ray probe geometry. The setup performance is demonstrated by measuring the ultrafast elemental response of Ni and Fe during demagnetization of ferromagnetic Ni and Ni80Fe20 (Permalloy) samples upon resonant excitation at the corresponding absorption edges. The transient demagnetization process is measured in both reflection and transmission geometry using, respectively, the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect (T-MOKE) and the Faraday effect as probing mechanisms.
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Chardonnet V, Hennes M, Jarrier R, Delaunay R, Jaouen N, Kuhlmann M, Ekanayake N, Léveillé C, von Korff Schmising C, Schick D, Yao K, Liu X, Chiuzbăian GS, Lüning J, Vodungbo B, Jal E. Toward ultrafast magnetic depth profiling using time-resolved x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity. Struct Dyn 2021; 8:034305. [PMID: 34235231 PMCID: PMC8225393 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, a variety of models have been developed to explain the ultrafast quenching of magnetization following femtosecond optical excitation. These models can be classified into two broad categories, relying either on a local or a non-local transfer of angular momentum. The acquisition of the magnetic depth profiles with femtosecond resolution, using time-resolved x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity, can distinguish local and non-local effects. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of this technique in a pump-probe geometry using a custom-built reflectometer at the FLASH2 free-electron laser (FEL). Although FLASH2 is limited to the production of photons with a fundamental wavelength of 4 nm ( ≃ 310 eV ), we were able to probe close to the Fe L 3 edge ( 706.8 eV ) of a magnetic thin film employing the third harmonic of the FEL. Our approach allows us to extract structural and magnetic asymmetry signals revealing two dynamics on different time scales which underpin a non-homogeneous loss of magnetization and a significant dilation of 2 Å of the layer thickness followed by oscillations. Future analysis of the data will pave the way to a full quantitative description of the transient magnetic depth profile combining femtosecond with nanometer resolution, which will provide further insight into the microscopic mechanisms underlying ultrafast demagnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marcel Hennes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Jarrier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Delaunay
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Cyril Léveillé
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Daniel Schick
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kelvin Yao
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xuan Liu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gheorghe S. Chiuzbăian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jan Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
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6
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Schneider M, Pfau B, Günther CM, von Korff Schmising C, Weder D, Geilhufe J, Perron J, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Manfredda M, Hennecke M, Vodungbo B, Lüning J, Eisebitt S. Ultrafast Demagnetization Dominates Fluence Dependence of Magnetic Scattering at Co M Edges. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:127201. [PMID: 33016712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We systematically study the fluence dependence of the resonant scattering cross-section from magnetic domains in Co/Pd-based multilayers. Samples are probed with single extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses of femtosecond duration tuned to the Co M_{3,2} absorption resonances using the FERMI@Elettra free-electron laser. We report quantitative data over 3 orders of magnitude in fluence, covering 16 mJ/cm^{2}/pulse to 10 000 mJ/cm^{2}/pulse with pulse lengths of 70 fs and 120 fs. A progressive quenching of the diffraction cross-section with fluence is observed. Compression of the same pulse energy into a shorter pulse-implying an increased XUV peak electric field-results in a reduced quenching of the resonant diffraction at the Co M_{3,2} edge. We conclude that the quenching effect observed for resonant scattering involving the short-lived Co 3p core vacancies is noncoherent in nature. This finding is in contrast to previous reports investigating resonant scattering involving the longer-lived Co 2p states, where stimulated emission has been found to be important. A phenomenological model based on XUV-induced ultrafast demagnetization is able to reproduce our entire set of experimental data and is found to be consistent with independent magneto-optical measurements of the demagnetization dynamics on the same samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schneider
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian M Günther
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens von Korff Schmising
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Weder
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Geilhufe
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Perron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Michele Manfredda
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Martin Hennecke
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jan Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Rösner B, Vodungbo B, Chardonnet V, Döring F, Guzenko VA, Hennes M, Kleibert A, Lebugle M, Lüning J, Mahne N, Merhe A, Naumenko D, Nikolov IP, Lopez-Quintas I, Pedersoli E, Ribič PR, Savchenko T, Watts B, Zangrando M, Capotondi F, David C, Jal E. Simultaneous two-color snapshot view on ultrafast charge and spin dynamics in a Fe-Cu-Ni tri-layer. Struct Dyn 2020; 7:054302. [PMID: 32984434 PMCID: PMC7511239 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast phenomena on a femtosecond timescale are commonly examined by pump-probe experiments. This implies multiple measurements, where the sample under investigation is pumped with a short light pulse and then probed with a second pulse at various time delays to follow its dynamics. Recently, the principle of streaking extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses in the temporal domain has enabled recording the dynamics of a system within a single pulse. However, separate pump-probe experiments at different absorption edges still lack a unified timing, when comparing the dynamics in complex systems. Here, we report on an experiment using a dedicated optical element and the two-color emission of the FERMI XUV free-electron laser to follow the charge and spin dynamics in composite materials at two distinct absorption edges, simultaneously. The sample, consisting of ferromagnetic Fe and Ni layers, separated by a Cu layer, is pumped by an infrared laser and probed by a two-color XUV pulse with photon energies tuned to the M-shell resonances of these two transition metals. The experimental geometry intrinsically avoids any timing uncertainty between the two elements and unambiguously reveals an approximately 100 fs delay of the magnetic response with respect to the electronic excitation for both Fe and Ni. This delay shows that the electronic and spin degrees of freedom are decoupled during the demagnetization process. We furthermore observe that the electronic dynamics of Ni and Fe show pronounced differences when probed at their resonance, while the demagnetization dynamics are similar. These observations underline the importance of simultaneous investigation of the temporal response of both charge and spin in multi-component materials. In a more general scenario, the experimental approach can be extended to continuous energy ranges, promising the development of jitter-free transient absorption spectroscopy in the XUV and soft X-ray regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris 75005, France
| | - Valentin Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris 75005, France
| | | | | | - Marcel Hennes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris 75005, France
| | | | | | - Jan Lüning
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicola Mahne
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14-km 163,5, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Aladine Merhe
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris 75005, France
| | - Denys Naumenko
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163,5, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Ivaylo P. Nikolov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163,5, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Ignacio Lopez-Quintas
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163,5, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163,5, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163,5, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris 75005, France
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8
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Weder D, von Korff Schmising C, Günther CM, Schneider M, Engel D, Hessing P, Strüber C, Weigand M, Vodungbo B, Jal E, Liu X, Merhe A, Pedersoli E, Capotondi F, Lüning J, Pfau B, Eisebitt S. Transient magnetic gratings on the nanometer scale. Struct Dyn 2020; 7:054501. [PMID: 32923511 PMCID: PMC7481012 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser-driven non-local electron dynamics in ultrathin magnetic samples on a sub-10 nm length scale is a key process in ultrafast magnetism. However, the experimental access has been challenging due to the nanoscopic and femtosecond nature of such transport processes. Here, we present a scattering-based experiment relying on a laser-induced electro- and magneto-optical grating in a Co/Pd ferromagnetic multilayer as a new technique to investigate non-local magnetization dynamics on nanometer length and femtosecond timescales. We induce a spatially modulated excitation pattern using tailored Al near-field masks with varying periodicities on a nanometer length scale and measure the first four diffraction orders in an x-ray scattering experiment with magnetic circular dichroism contrast at the free-electron laser facility FERMI, Trieste. The design of the periodic excitation mask leads to a strongly enhanced and characteristic transient scattering response allowing for sub-wavelength in-plane sensitivity for magnetic structures. In conjunction with scattering simulations, the experiment allows us to infer that a potential ultrafast lateral expansion of the initially excited regions of the magnetic film mediated by hot-electron transport and spin transport remains confined to below three nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Weder
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. von Korff Schmising
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. M. Günther
- Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Schneider
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Engel
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Hessing
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Strüber
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - X. Liu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A. Merhe
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Pedersoli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Capotondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Pfau
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Buzzi M, Makita M, Howald L, Kleibert A, Vodungbo B, Maldonado P, Raabe J, Jaouen N, Redlin H, Tiedtke K, Oppeneer PM, David C, Nolting F, Lüning J. Single-shot Monitoring of Ultrafast Processes via X-ray Streaking at a Free Electron Laser. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7253. [PMID: 28775262 PMCID: PMC5543111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of x-ray free electron lasers has extended the unique capabilities of resonant x-ray spectroscopy techniques to ultrafast time scales. Here, we report on a novel experimental method that allows retrieving with a single x-ray pulse the time evolution of an ultrafast process, not only at a few discrete time delays, but continuously over an extended time window. We used a single x-ray pulse to resolve the laser-induced ultrafast demagnetisation dynamics in a thin cobalt film over a time window of about 1.6 ps with an excellent signal to noise ratio. From one representative single shot measurement we extract a spin relaxation time of (130 ± 30) fs with an average value, based on 193 single shot events of (113 ± 20) fs. These results are limited by the achieved experimental time resolution of 120 fs, and both values are in excellent agreement with previous results and theoretical modelling. More generally, this new experimental approach to ultrafast x-ray spectroscopy paves the way to the study of non-repetitive processes that cannot be investigated using traditional repetitive pump-probe schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Buzzi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Mikako Makita
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Boris Vodungbo
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech - CNRS UMR 7639 École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761, Palaiseau, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, LCPMR, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Maldonado
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Harald Redlin
- HASYLAB/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Tiedtke
- HASYLAB/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter M Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan Lüning
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, LCPMR, 75005, Paris, France. .,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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10
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Willems F, von Korff Schmising C, Weder D, Günther CM, Schneider M, Pfau B, Meise S, Guehrs E, Geilhufe J, Merhe AED, Jal E, Vodungbo B, Lüning J, Mahieu B, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Gauthier D, Manfredda M, Eisebitt S. Multi-color imaging of magnetic Co/Pt heterostructures. Struct Dyn 2017; 4:014301. [PMID: 28289691 PMCID: PMC5315665 DOI: 10.1063/1.4976004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We present an element specific and spatially resolved view of magnetic domains in Co/Pt heterostructures in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. Resonant small-angle scattering and coherent imaging with Fourier-transform holography reveal nanoscale magnetic domain networks via magnetic dichroism of Co at the M2,3 edges as well as via strong dichroic signals at the O2,3 and N6,7 edges of Pt. We demonstrate for the first time simultaneous, two-color coherent imaging at a free-electron laser facility paving the way for a direct real space access to ultrafast magnetization dynamics in complex multicomponent material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Weder
- Max-Born-Institute Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian M Günther
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin , 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Pfau
- Max-Born-Institute Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Meise
- Max-Born-Institute Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Guehrs
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin , 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Geilhufe
- Max-Born-Institute Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Benoit Mahieu
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay , 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | | | - David Gauthier
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste , 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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11
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Vodungbo B, Tudu B, Tudu B, Perron J, Delaunay R, Müller L, Berntsen MH, Grübel G, Malinowski G, Weier C, Gautier J, Lambert G, Zeitoun P, Gutt C, Jal E, Reid AH, Granitzka PW, Jaouen N, Dakovski GL, Moeller S, Minitti MP, Mitra A, Carron S, Pfau B, von Korff Schmising C, Schneider M, Eisebitt S, Lüning J. Indirect excitation of ultrafast demagnetization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18970. [PMID: 26733106 PMCID: PMC4702181 DOI: 10.1038/srep18970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Does the excitation of ultrafast magnetization require direct interaction between the photons of the optical pump pulse and the magnetic layer? Here, we demonstrate unambiguously that this is not the case. For this we have studied the magnetization dynamics of a ferromagnetic cobalt/palladium multilayer capped by an IR-opaque aluminum layer. Upon excitation with an intense femtosecond-short IR laser pulse, the film exhibits the classical ultrafast demagnetization phenomenon although only a negligible number of IR photons penetrate the aluminum layer. In comparison with an uncapped cobalt/palladium reference film, the initial demagnetization of the capped film occurs with a delayed onset and at a slower rate. Both observations are qualitatively in line with energy transport from the aluminum layer into the underlying magnetic film by the excited, hot electrons of the aluminum film. Our data thus confirm recent theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbone Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Bahrati Tudu
- Sorbone Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Perron
- Sorbone Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Delaunay
- Sorbone Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Leonard Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Magnus H Berntsen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Grégory Malinowski
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR CNRS 7198 - Université de Lorraine - boulevard des aiguillettes BP 70239, Vandoeuvre cedex F-54506 France
| | - Christian Weier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), JARA- FIT, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Julien Gautier
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 bd des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex France
| | - Guillaume Lambert
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 bd des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex France
| | - Philippe Zeitoun
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 bd des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex France
| | - Christian Gutt
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alexander H Reid
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Patrick W Granitzka
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.,Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1018XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boîte Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Georgi L Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael P Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ankush Mitra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian Carron
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Schneider
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden.,Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Lüning
- Sorbone Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boîte Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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12
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Depresseux A, Oliva E, Gautier J, Tissandier F, Lambert G, Vodungbo B, Goddet JP, Tafzi A, Nejdl J, Kozlova M, Maynard G, Kim HT, Phuoc KT, Rousse A, Zeitoun P, Sebban S. Demonstration of a Circularly Polarized Plasma-Based Soft-X-Ray Laser. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:083901. [PMID: 26340189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.083901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental demonstration of a laser-driven circularly polarized soft-x-ray laser chain. It has been achieved by seeding a 32.8 nm Kr ix plasma amplifier with a high-order harmonic beam, which has been circularly polarized using a four-reflector polarizer. Our measurements testify that the amplified radiation maintains the initial polarization of the seed pulse in good agreement with our Maxwell-Bloch modeling. The resulting fully circular soft-x-ray laser beam exhibits a Gaussian profile and yields about 10^{10} photons per shot, fulfilling the requirements for laboratory-scale photon-demanding application experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Depresseux
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - E Oliva
- Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas, CNRS Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - J Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - F Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - G Lambert
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Vodungbo
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - J-P Goddet
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Tafzi
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - J Nejdl
- ELI Beamlines Project, Institute of Physics of the ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozlova
- ELI Beamlines Project, Institute of Physics of the ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - G Maynard
- Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas, CNRS Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - H T Kim
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - K Ta Phuoc
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Rousse
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - P Zeitoun
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
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13
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Lambert G, Andreev A, Gautier J, Giannessi L, Malka V, Petralia A, Sebban S, Stremoukhov S, Tissandier F, Vodungbo B, Zeitoun P. Spatial properties of odd and even low order harmonics generated in gas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7786. [PMID: 25585715 PMCID: PMC4293601 DOI: 10.1038/srep07786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High harmonic generation in gases is developing rapidly as a soft X-ray femtosecond light-source for applications. This requires control over all the harmonics characteristics and in particular, spatial properties have to be kept very good. In previous literature, measurements have always included several harmonics contrary to applications, especially spectroscopic applications, which usually require a single harmonic. To fill this gap, we present here for the first time a detailed study of completely isolated harmonics. The contribution of the surrounding harmonics has been totally suppressed using interferential filtering which is available for low harmonic orders. In addition, this allows to clearly identify behaviors of standard odd orders from even orders obtained by frequency-mixing of a fundamental laser and of its second harmonic. Comparisons of the spatial intensity profiles, of the spatial coherence and of the wavefront aberration level of 5ω at 160 nm and 6ω at 135 nm have then been performed. We have established that the fundamental laser beam aberrations can cause the appearance of a non-homogenous donut-shape in the 6ω spatial intensity distribution. This undesirable effect can be easily controlled. We finally conclude that the spatial quality of an even harmonic can be as excellent as in standard generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lambert
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639, ENSTA-CNRS-École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Andreev
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build.2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - J Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639, ENSTA-CNRS-École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - L Giannessi
- Unità Tecnica Sviluppo di Applicazioni della Radiazione - Modellistica Matematica, ENEA Centro Ricerche Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V Malka
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639, ENSTA-CNRS-École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Petralia
- Unità Tecnica Sviluppo di Applicazioni della Radiazione - Modellistica Matematica, ENEA Centro Ricerche Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - S Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639, ENSTA-CNRS-École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Stremoukhov
- 1] Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build.2, 119991, Moscow, Russia [2] National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", pl. Akademika Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - F Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639, ENSTA-CNRS-École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Vodungbo
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639, ENSTA-CNRS-École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ph Zeitoun
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639, ENSTA-CNRS-École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France
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von Korff Schmising C, Pfau B, Schneider M, Günther C, Giovannella M, Perron J, Vodungbo B, Müller L, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Mahne N, Lüning J, Eisebitt S. Imaging Ultrafast Demagnetization Dynamics after a Spatially Localized Optical Excitation. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:217203. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.217203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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15
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Müller L, Gutt C, Pfau B, Schaffert S, Geilhufe J, Büttner F, Mohanty J, Flewett S, Treusch R, Düsterer S, Redlin H, Al-Shemmary A, Hille M, Kobs A, Frömter R, Oepen HP, Ziaja B, Medvedev N, Son SK, Thiele R, Santra R, Vodungbo B, Lüning J, Eisebitt S, Grübel G. Breakdown of the x-ray resonant magnetic scattering signal during intense pulses of extreme ultraviolet free-electron-laser radiation. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:234801. [PMID: 25167501 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.234801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present results of single-shot resonant magnetic scattering experiments of Co/Pt multilayer systems using 100 fs long ultraintense pulses from an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser. An x-ray-induced breakdown of the resonant magnetic scattering channel during the pulse duration is observed at fluences of 5 J/cm(2). Simultaneously, the speckle contrast of the high-fluence scattering pattern is significantly reduced. We performed simulations of the nonequilibrium evolution of the Co/Pt multilayer system during the XUV pulse duration. We find that the electronic state of the sample is strongly perturbed during the first few femtoseconds of exposure leading to an ultrafast quenching of the resonant magnetic scattering mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Gutt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Pfau
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Schaffert
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Geilhufe
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Büttner
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Mohanty
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Flewett
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Treusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Redlin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Al-Shemmary
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Hille
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Kobs
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Frömter
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H P Oepen
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Ziaja
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - N Medvedev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S-K Son
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Thiele
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Santra
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Vodungbo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement-CNRS UMR 7614, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J Lüning
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement-CNRS UMR 7614, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Eisebitt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany and Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - G Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Pfau B, Schaffert S, Müller L, Gutt C, Al-Shemmary A, Büttner F, Delaunay R, Düsterer S, Flewett S, Frömter R, Geilhufe J, Guehrs E, Günther CM, Hawaldar R, Hille M, Jaouen N, Kobs A, Li K, Mohanty J, Redlin H, Schlotter WF, Stickler D, Treusch R, Vodungbo B, Kläui M, Oepen HP, Lüning J, Grübel G, Eisebitt S. Ultrafast optical demagnetization manipulates nanoscale spin structure in domain walls. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1100. [PMID: 23033076 PMCID: PMC3493637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During ultrafast demagnetization of a magnetically ordered solid, angular momentum has to be transferred between the spins, electrons, and phonons in the system on femto- and picosecond timescales. Although the intrinsic spin-transfer mechanisms are intensely debated, additional extrinsic mechanisms arising due to nanoscale heterogeneity have only recently entered the discussion. Here we use femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser to study thin film samples with magnetic domain patterns. We observe an infrared-pump-induced change of the spin structure within the domain walls on the sub-picosecond timescale. This domain-topography-dependent contribution connects the intrinsic demagnetization process in each domain with spin-transport processes across the domain walls, demonstrating the importance of spin-dependent electron transport between differently magnetized regions as an ultrafast demagnetization channel. This pathway exists independent from structural inhomogeneities such as chemical interfaces, and gives rise to an ultrafast spatially varying response to optical pump pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pfau
- TU Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Wang T, Zhu D, Wu B, Graves C, Schaffert S, Rander T, Müller L, Vodungbo B, Baumier C, Bernstein DP, Bräuer B, Cros V, de Jong S, Delaunay R, Fognini A, Kukreja R, Lee S, López-Flores V, Mohanty J, Pfau B, Popescu H, Sacchi M, Sardinha AB, Sirotti F, Zeitoun P, Messerschmidt M, Turner JJ, Schlotter WF, Hellwig O, Mattana R, Jaouen N, Fortuna F, Acremann Y, Gutt C, Dürr HA, Beaurepaire E, Boeglin C, Eisebitt S, Grübel G, Lüning J, Stöhr J, Scherz AO. Femtosecond single-shot imaging of nanoscale ferromagnetic order in Co/Pd multilayers using resonant x-ray holography. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:267403. [PMID: 23005013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.267403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first single-shot images of ferromagnetic, nanoscale spin order taken with femtosecond x-ray pulses. X-ray-induced electron and spin dynamics can be outrun with pulses shorter than 80 fs in the investigated fluence regime, and no permanent aftereffects in the samples are observed below a fluence of 25 mJ/cm(2). Employing resonant spatially muliplexed x-ray holography results in a low imaging threshold of 5 mJ/cm(2). Our results open new ways to combine ultrafast laser spectroscopy with sequential snapshot imaging on a single sample, generating a movie of excited state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, USA.
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Vodungbo B, Barszczak Sardinha A, Gautier J, Lambert G, Valentin C, Lozano M, Iaquaniello G, Delmotte F, Sebban S, Lüning J, Zeitoun P. Polarization control of high order harmonics in the EUV photon energy range. Opt Express 2011; 19:4346-4356. [PMID: 21369265 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation of circularly polarized high order harmonics in the extreme ultraviolet range (18-27 nm) from a linearly polarized infrared laser (40 fs, 0.25 TW) focused into a neon filled gas cell. To circularly polarize the initially linearly polarized harmonics we have implemented a four-reflector phase-shifter. Fully circularly polarized radiation has been obtained with an efficiency of a few percents, thus being significantly more efficient than currently demonstrated direct generation of elliptically polarized harmonics. This demonstration opens up new experimental capabilities based on high order harmonics, for example, in biology and materials science. The inherent femtosecond time resolution of high order harmonic generating table top laser sources renders these an ideal tool for the investigation of ultrafast magnetization dynamics now that the magnetic circular dichroism at the absorption M-edges of transition metals can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Vodungbo
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech-CNRS-cole polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunire, Palaiseau, France.
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