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Lee C, Rohr J, Sass A, Sater S, Zahid A, Macias B, Stenger MB, Samuels BC, Martin BA, Oshinski JN, Ethier CR. In vivo estimation of optic nerve sheath stiffness using noninvasive MRI measurements and finite element modeling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103924. [PMID: 32957219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The optic nerve sheath (ONS) is biomechanically important. It is acted on by tension due to ocular movements, and by fluid shifts and/or alterations in intracranial pressure (ICP) in human disease, specifically in pathologies leading to intracranial hypertension. It has also been hypothesized that the ONS is acted on by altered ICP in astronauts exposed chronically to microgravity. However, a non-invasive method to quantify ONS biomechanical properties is not presently available; knowledge of such properties is desirable to allow characterization of the biomechanical forces exerted on the optic nerve head and other ocular structures due to the ONS. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to characterize the biomechanical properties (stiffness) of the human ONS in vivo as a necessary step towards investigating the role of ICP in various conditions, including Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). We acquired non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of ostensibly healthy subjects (n = 18, age = 30.4 ± 11.6 [mean ± SD] years) during supine and 15-degree head-down-tilt (HDT) postures, and extracted ONS contours from these scans. We then used finite element modeling to quantify ONS expansion due to postural changes and an inverse approach to estimate ONS stiffness. Using this non-invasive procedure, we estimated an in vivo ONS stiffness of 39.2 ± 21.9 kPa (mean ± SD), although a small subset of individuals had very stiff ONS that precluded accurate estimates of their stiffness values. ONS stiffness was not correlated with age and was higher in males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse Rohr
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Austin Sass
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Stuart Sater
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Arslan Zahid
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brandon Macias
- Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory, KBR, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian C Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bryn A Martin
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - John N Oshinski
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Becker RL, Siamwala J, Macias B, Hargens AR. Comparison of Anterior Tibial Bone Microvascular Flow, with Macrovascular Flow during Body Tilt. FASEB J 2016. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.946.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamila Siamwala
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCA
| | - Brandon Macias
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCA
| | - Alan R. Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCA
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Macaulay TR, Macias B, Lee SM, Boda W, Watenpaugh DE, Hargens A. Lower Body Negative Pressure Treadmill Exercise Attenuates Simulated Space Flight‐Induced Reductions of Balance Abilities in Males but not Females. FASEB J 2016. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.762.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Salgado N, Benavente S, Macias B, Duran M, Leganes P. Delirium associated with sertraline, a case report. Eur Psychiatry 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDelirium is a clinical entity consisting of acute loss of consciousness, with attention deficit and fluctuating evolution. Antidepressive medication can cause these symptoms or worsen them.Case reportWe report the case of a 84-year-old blind female who was diagnosed of delirium in relation to intoxication with sertraline. The patient was admitted into a short-stay psychiatric unit for three days. She presented behavioural disturbances consisting in auto and heteroaggressive behaviour, altered consciousness and visual hallucinations (rocks, turtles). When dosage of sertraline was doubled from 50 mg/day to 100 mg/day visual hallucinations started. There were not other medical causes found, so sertraline was suspended, achieving clinical improvement.DiscussionThis case report shows how a patient with antidepressive treatment can display delirium. The three main causes of delirium that are infections, side effects and methabolic syndrome.ConclusionsIn the case of treating a patient with delirium, the presence of previous illness has to be investigated. It is indispensable to describe the presence of previous illness, medication and recent changes of the dosages in the medical history in a patient with Sertraline.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Abstract
IntroductionIt is known that antipsychotic drugs can increase prolactinaemia, we report a case in which the use of aripiprazole after treatment with paliperidone helped regaining normality levels.Case reportDuring treatment with PALiperidone12 mg/day the patient, a 27-year-old female diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, developed hyperprolactinaemia with galactorrhea and menstrual disorders. During hospitalization, aripiprazole is introduced while paliperidone is progressively decreased. Antipsychotic were prescribed because delusions of reference and auditory pseudo-hallucinations arose suddenly in a woman without history of previous psychotic breaks. Before treatment with aripiprazole, prolactinaemia was 156,96 ng/mL (pregnancy test was negative) and after stopping, paliperidone was 23,60 ng/mL.DiscussionIf hyperprolactinaemia symptoms appeared (galactorrhea…), aripiprazole is a good option if antipsychotic treatment is required. In this case, paliperidone was decreased slowly, while aripiprazole was increased, until minimum effective dose was reached.ConclusionsHyperprolactinaemia is a common side effect in antipsychotic treatments and if symptoms appeared aripiprazole is a good option.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Macias B, Clary E, Hargens A. Lower Body Negative Pressure Counters Simulated Microgravity‐Induced Elevations of Intracranial Pressure. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.990.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Macias
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Erika Clary
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Alan Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
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Siamwala J, Macias B, Healey R, Pichika R, Hargens A. Cerebral Vascular Changes in Space Mice Calvaria. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.990.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Siamwala
- Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Brandon Macias
- Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Robert Healey
- Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Rajeshwari Pichika
- Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Alan Hargens
- Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUnited States
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Snyder A, Macias B, Healey R, Holt J, Chang D, Lotz J, Hargens A. Lumbar Paraspinal Muscle Atrophy during Long Duration Spaceflight. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.990.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Snyder
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Brandon Macias
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Rob Healey
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Jacquelyn Holt
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Douglas Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Jeffrey Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUnited States
| | - Alan Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
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Baird S, Macias B, Hargens A. Lower Body Negative Pressure Counters Internal Jugular Vein Engorgement during Simulated Microgravity. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.990.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Baird
- Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Brandon Macias
- Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
| | - Alan Hargens
- Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUnited States
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Morgan J, Heer M, Hargens A, Macias B, Hudson E, Shackelford L, Zwart S, Smith S. Bone metabolism and renal stone risk during bed rest for men and women (257.8). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.257.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Macias B, Grande Gutierrez N, Hargens A, Liu J. Lower body negative pressure counters headward fluid shifts in the brain and eye (1103.3). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1103.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Agholme F, Macias B, Hamang M, Lucchesi J, Adrian MD, Kuhstoss S, Harvey A, Sato M, Aspenberg P. Efficacy of a sclerostin antibody compared to a low dose of PTH on metaphyseal bone healing. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:471-6. [PMID: 24243768 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effect of a sclerostin antibody to that of a clinically relevant dose of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in a rat model for metaphyseal bone healing. Screws of steel or poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) were inserted bilaterally into the proximal tibia of young male rats. During 4 weeks the animals then received injections of either phosphate buffered saline (control), sclerostin antibody (25 mg/kg, twice weekly) or PTH (5 µg/kg, daily). The healing response around the screws was then assessed by mechanical testing and X-ray microtomography (µCT). To distinguish between effects on healing and general effects on the skeleton, other untraumatized bone sites and serum biomarkers were also assessed. After 4 weeks of treatment, PTH yielded a 48% increase in screw pull-out force compared to control (p = 0.03), while the antibody had no significant effect. In contrast, the antibody increased femoral cortical and vertebral strength where PTH had no significant effect. µCT showed only slight changes that were statistically significant for the antibody mainly at cortical sites. The results suggest that a relatively low dose of PTH stimulates metaphyseal repair (screw fixation) specifically, whereas the sclerostin antibody has wide-spread effects, mainly on cortical bone, with less influence on metaphyseal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Agholme
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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Neuschwander T, Macias B, Hargens A. Backpack straps decrease upper extremity blood flow. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.957.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zwart SR, Heer M, Lee SMC, Macias B, Schneider S, Trappe S, Trappe T, Hargens A, Smith SM. WISE‐2005: COMBINED AEROBIC AND RESISTIVE EXERCISE MAY HELP MITIGATE BONE LOSS DURING 60‐D SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY IN WOMEN. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a174-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Trappe
- Ball State UniversityHuman Performance LabMuncieIN47306
| | - Todd Trappe
- Ball State UniversityHuman Performance LabMuncieIN47306
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Monga M, Macias B, Groppo E, Kostelec M, Hargens A. Renal stone risk in a simulated microgravity environment: impact of treadmill exercise with lower body negative pressure. J Urol 2006; 176:127-31. [PMID: 16753386 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(06)00572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged exposure to microgravity during spaceflight causes metabolic changes that increase the risk of renal stone formation. Studies during the Gemini, Apollo, Skylab and Shuttle missions demonstrated alterations in renal function, fluid homeostasis and bone resorption that result in increased urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate, brushite, sodium urate and uric acid. Developing countermeasures to increased urinary supersaturation is an important priority as the duration of space missions increases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 11 sets of identical twins remained on 6-degree head down, tilt bed rest for 30 days to simulate prolonged microgravity. One twin per pair was randomly selected to exercise while supine in a lower body negative pressure chamber 6 days weekly for 40 minutes, followed by 5 minutes of resting lower body negative pressure at 50 mm Hg. The other twin served as a nonexercise control. Pressure in the exercise lower body negative pressure chamber (52 to 63 mm Hg) was adjusted to produce footward forces equivalent to those for upright running on Earth at 1.0 to 1.2 x body weight. Pre-bed rest urinary stone risk profiles were done elsewhere after 5 days of a standardized diet, consisting of 170 mEq sodium, 1,000 mg calcium, 0.8 gm/kg animal protein and 2,500 kcal, and then throughout the bed rest and recovery phases of the protocol. RESULTS A significant increase in urinary calcium after just 1 week of bed rest was noted in the nonexercise control group (p = 0.001). However, no such increase was noted in the exercise group. Brushite supersaturation increased significantly from bed rest in each group, although the increase was significantly higher in the nonexercise control group than in the exercise group (p = 0.006). Calcium oxalate supersaturation increased during bed rest in the exercise group (p = 0.004). It trended toward a higher level in the nonexercise control group, although this did not achieve significance (p = 0.055) Mean urine volume +/- SD was significantly higher in the nonexercise control group than in the exercise group at bed rest week 2 and at week 3 (2.01 +/- 0.21 vs 1.63 0.18 l and 2.03 +/- 0.22 vs 1.81 +/- 0.20, respectively). Urinary pH was significantly higher in the nonexercise control group than in the exercise group at week 1 and week 3 (6.62 +/- 0.7 vs 6.49 +/- 0.5 and 6.58 +/- 0.6 vs 6.49 +/- 0.8, respectively, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Bed rest significantly alters the urinary environment to favor calculous formation. Lower body negative pressure chamber treadmill exercise offers some protection against increases in stone risk during simulated microgravity, particularly with regard to the risks of hypercalciuria and brushite stone formation. The use of lower body negative pressure to augment aerobic exercise in space may decrease the risk of stone formation in astronauts. Adjunct measures, including aggressive hydration and alkalinization therapy, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Monga
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 1420 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative measurements of urinary parameters are valuable clinical tools for predicting the risk of nephrolithiasis. To our knowledge no previous studies have evaluated the heritability of urinary stone risk in identical twins. Because these individuals share identical genetics, the R defined by their phenotypic data are theoretically equal to the entire population H2. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 12 sets of healthy homozygous twins, including 4 males and 8 females for a total of 24 individuals, with a mean age of 25.9 years (range 21 to 36) volunteered for this study. All subjects provided informed written consent before assessment. Urinary stone risk profiles were done elsewhere on 2 consecutive days after 5 days of a standardized diet (170 mEq Na and 2500 kcal). Linear regression was performed on the data to determine R. Because identical twins were used, R was theoretically an estimate of H2. RESULTS Certain urinary stone risk markers were highly heritable, including urinary calcium (94%), oxalate (94%), citrate (95%), uric acid (96%) and brushite supersaturation (90%), as determined by genotype (H2 90% or greater). Uric acid supersaturation (58%) and urinary sodium (64%) had low degrees of heritability. CONCLUSIONS H2 is a measure of how much of the total variance in phenotype results from differences in genotype, as opposed to environmental differences. For example, an H2 of 95% for citrate suggests that genetic differences account for 95% of the variation in urinary citrate and environmental differences account for the remaining 5%. Therefore urinary calcium, oxalate and citrate are primarily determined by genotype, while environmental factors, particularly those that impact urine pH and urinary volume, may be increasingly important for determining uric acid supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Monga
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Bawa M, Schimizzi AL, Leek B, Bono CM, Massie JB, Macias B, Chung CB, Hargens AR, Garfin SR, Kim CW. Paraspinal muscle vasculature contributes to posterolateral spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006; 31:891-6. [PMID: 16622377 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000209301.15262.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Study of posterolateral fusions in a rabbit model. OBJECTIVES To characterize the contribution of paraspinal musculature to the healing of posterolateral spinal fusions in a rabbit model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous studies have demonstrated that successful spinal arthrodesis requires vascular ingrowth from adjacent decorticated bone. In other areas of the body, such as the tibia, vascular ingrowth from the surrounding musculature has also been shown to be important. The role of the surrounding paraspinal musculature in spinal fusions has yet to be assessed. METHODS Twenty-five New Zealand white rabbits underwent posterolateral spinal fusion. One side of the animals was treated with autograft alone and served as the control group. On the contralateral side, the autograft was contained within porous or nonporous barrier sheets. Following euthanization, high-resolution radiographs, CT scans, and histologic analyses were performed to assess fusion and characterize vascular ingrowth. RESULTS Using histologic evaluation, the fusion rate in the porous group was 90%, in the nonporous group 40%, and in the control group 55%. Vascular ingrowth was evident from the muscle through the porous sheet into the fusion mass. CONCLUSIONS These results support our hypothesis that the paraspinal musculature provides important vascular ingrowth into the fusion site. Use of a porous barrier sheet appears to improve fusion by preventing muscle interposition while allowing vascular ingrowth from surrounding muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Bawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Schneider S, Amorim F, Lee SMC, Watenpaugh D, Macias B, Hargens AR. Twins Bed Rest Project: Gender differences in loss of leg strength and endurance during bed rest. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.5.a1252-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brandon Macias
- University of California350 Dickinson StSan DiegoCalifornia92103
| | - Alan R Hargens
- University of California350 Dickinson StSan DiegoCalifornia92103
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Hargens AR, Groppo ER, Lee SMC, Watenpaugh DE, Schneider S, O'Leary D, Hughson RL, Shoemaker K, Smith SM, Steinbach GC, Tanaka K, Kawai Y, Bawa M, Kimura S, Macias B, Boda WL, Meyer RS. The gravity of LBNP exercise: preliminary lessons learned from identical twins in bed for 30 days. J Gravit Physiol 2002; 9:P59-62. [PMID: 14976995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
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Craido J, Carrasco A, Macias B, Salas J, Castillo M. New Pt complexes with dithiocarbamate derivatives of α-amino acids. J Inorg Biochem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(89)84323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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