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Sougiannis AT, VanderVeen B, Chatzistamou I, Kubinak JL, Nagarkatti M, Fan D, Murphy EA. Emodin reduces tumor burden by diminishing M2-like macrophages in colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G383-G395. [PMID: 35018819 PMCID: PMC8897011 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00303.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Emodin, a natural anthraquinone, has been shown to have antitumorigenic properties and may be an effective therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its clinical development has been hampered by a poor understanding of its mechanism of action. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the efficacy of emodin in mouse models of intestinal/colorectal cancer and 2) to examine the impact of emodin on macrophage behavior in the context of CRC. We used a genetic model of intestinal cancer (ApcMin/+) and a chemically induced model of CRC [azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)]. Emodin was administered orally (40 or 80 mg/kg in AOM/DSS and 80 mg/kg in ApcMin/+) three times a week to observe its preventative effects. Emodin reduced polyp count and size in both rodent models (P < 0.05). We further analyzed the colon microenvironment of AOM/DSS mice and found that mice treated with emodin exhibited lower protumorigenic M2-like macrophages and a reduced ratio of M2/M1 macrophages within the colon (P < 0.05). Despite this, we did not detect any significant changes in M2-associated cytokines (IL10, IL4, and Tgfb1) nor M1-associated cytokines (IL6, TNFα, IL1β, and IFNγ) within excised polyps. However, there was a significant increase in NOS2 expression (M1 marker) in mice treated with 80 mg/kg emodin (P < 0.05). To confirm emodin's effects on macrophages, we exposed bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to C26 colon cancer cell conditioned media. Supporting our in vivo data, emodin reduced M2-like macrophages. Overall, these data support the development of emodin as a natural compound for prevention of CRC given its ability to target protumor macrophages.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study confirms that emodin is an effective primary therapy against the onset of genetic and chemically induced sporadic colorectal cancer. We established that emodin reduces the M2-like protumorigenic macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we provide evidence that emodin may be acting to antagonize the P2X7 receptor within the bone tissue and consequently decrease the activation of proinflammatory cells, which may have implications for recruitment of cells to the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Sougiannis
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina,4College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Brandon VanderVeen
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina,3AcePre, LLC, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jason L. Kubinak
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Daping Fan
- 2Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina,3AcePre, LLC, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina,3AcePre, LLC, Columbia, South Carolina
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Sougiannis A, VanderVeen B, Chatzistamou I, Testerman T, Kubinak J, Nagarkatti M, Fan D, Murphy EA. Emodin Administration Depolarizes Tumor Associated M2‐Type Macrophages in the Colorectal Cancer Tumor Microenvironment. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon VanderVeen
- Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
- AcePre, LLCColumbiaSC
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | - Traci Testerman
- Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | - Jason Kubinak
- Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | - Daping Fan
- AcePre, LLCColumbiaSC
- Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
- AcePre, LLCColumbiaSC
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Fix D, Counts B, VanderVeen B, Carson JA. Fasting Regulation of Muscle Autophagy during Cancer‐Cachexia. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.868.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Fix
- Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | | | | | - James A. Carson
- Physical TherapyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTN
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Counts B, VanderVeen B, Hardee J, Fix D, Montalvo R, Carson J. Cancer Environments Effect on Skeletal Muscle mTORC1 Regulation by Physical Activity and Feeding in Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000537215.86419.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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VanderVeen B, Fix D, Counts B, Hardee J, Carson J. THE REGULATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION BY MUSCLE GP130 SIGNALING. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.852.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Fix
- Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | | | - Justin Hardee
- Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | - James Carson
- Exercise ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
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