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Reed BW, Doran N, Courtney KE. Associations between nicotine product use and craving among stable daily and non-daily users. Addict Behav 2023; 146:107803. [PMID: 37423069 PMCID: PMC10827279 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine craving typically develops shortly after last use and is conceptualized as essential to the development, maintenance, and treatment of nicotine dependence. Previous research has primarily examined the relationship between craving and use among individuals trying to quit smoking, and less is known about this relationship among active users, particularly e-cigarette users. The current study evaluated the association between craving and use by assessing both constructs twice daily over 7 days in a sample of daily (n = 80) and non-daily (n = 34) users of combustible tobacco and e-cigarette products. We used negative binomial regression modeling to analyze the relationship between nicotine craving and use in two ways. First, we evaluated a lagged model in which craving at the time of assessment predicted use during the next time period. Next, we evaluated a model in which maximum craving since the last assessment predicted use during the same time period. Maximum craving was significantly and positively associated with nicotine product use (p <.05) while craving at the time of assessment was not. These associations did not differ depending on use frequency or on specific products used. Findings provide evidence that self-report ratings of craving are associated with greater nicotine and tobacco product use for both frequent and intermittent users. Furthermore, these results may be useful in developing or modifying interventions for a wide variety of nicotine users, including those who are not yet intending to make a change to their nicotine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Reed
- Mental Health Care Line, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 920093, USA.
| | - Neal Doran
- Mental Health Care Line, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 920093, USA.
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 920093, USA.
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Reed BW, Bloom RS, Yagi K, Masiel DJ. High-Speed 4D-STEM using Electrostatic Subframing. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:298-299. [PMID: 37613532 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | - R S Bloom
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | - K Yagi
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | - D J Masiel
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
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Reed BW, Brody AL, Sanavi AY, Doran N. Associations between Tobacco Use, Surges, and Vaccination Status over Time in the COVID-19 Era. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1153. [PMID: 36673907 PMCID: PMC9859008 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because COVID-19 is a respiratory and cardiovascular disease, understanding behaviors that impact cardiopulmonary health, such as tobacco use, is particularly important. While early studies suggested no change in prevalence of tobacco use as COVID-19 emerged, pandemic fatigue, shifting levels of COVID-19 transmission, and vaccine availability have all changed since the start of the pandemic. The current study examined whether time, COVID-19 surges, and/or vaccination status were associated with likelihood of daily and non-daily tobacco use over the first 24 months of the pandemic. Data were obtained from electronic health records of healthcare visits (n = 314,787) to four Southern California VA healthcare systems. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that the likelihood of reporting both daily and non-daily tobacco use (versus non-use) increased over time. Daily and non-daily tobacco use were less common at visits that occurred during COVID-19 surges, as well as among veterans vaccinated against COVID-19. Our findings provide new insight into changes of tobacco use patterns and correlates across the first two years of this pandemic, and understanding these associations may facilitate understanding of health-related behaviors and inform clinical treatment of tobacco use disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W. Reed
- Mental Health Care Line, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arthur L. Brody
- Mental Health Care Line, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andre Y. Sanavi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neal Doran
- Mental Health Care Line, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Tran ST, Grotkowski K, Miller SA, Reed BW, Koven ML, Buscemi J, Greenley RN. Hassles predict physical health complaints in undergraduate students: a dynamic structural equation model analysis of daily diary data. Psychol Health 2020; 36:828-846. [PMID: 32779488 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Daily hassles and physical health complaints are common among undergraduate students, and both are related to negative academic and psychosocial outcomes. However, the extent to which hassles or health complaints persist from day to day is underexplored, and studies examining whether hassles predict health complaints or vice versa, are lacking. This study aimed to examine the temporal stability and to define the temporal relationship between daily hassles and health symptoms in undergraduate students. DESIGN Participants (n = 255, mean age = 19.2 years, 69% female, 53% White) completed 14 consecutive daily diaries of hassles and health complaints. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Daily reports of the Brief College Students Hassles Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15. RESULTS Hassles and health complaints demonstrated stability through autocorrelations. Hassles significantly predicted subsequent health complaints, but health complaints did not significantly predict subsequent hassles. However, the two paths did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION Students reporting elevations in one or both domains may benefit from interventions aimed at reducing daily hassles, in order to promote better perceived health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Tran
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karolina Grotkowski
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven A Miller
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandon W Reed
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marissa L Koven
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanna Buscemi
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rachel Neff Greenley
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Reed BW, Moghadam AA, Bloom RS, Park ST, Monterrosa AM, Price PM, Barr CM, Briggs SA, Hattar K, McKeown JT, Masiel DJ. Electrostatic subframing and compressive-sensing video in transmission electron microscopy. Struct Dyn 2019; 6:054303. [PMID: 31559318 PMCID: PMC6756919 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present kilohertz-scale video capture rates in a transmission electron microscope, using a camera normally limited to hertz-scale acquisition. An electrostatic deflector rasters a discrete array of images over a large camera, decoupling the acquisition time per subframe from the camera readout time. Total-variation regularization allows features in overlapping subframes to be correctly placed in each frame. Moreover, the system can be operated in a compressive-sensing video mode, whereby the deflections are performed in a known pseudorandom sequence. Compressive sensing in effect performs data compression before the readout, such that the video resulting from the reconstruction can have substantially more total pixels than that were read from the camera. This allows, for example, 100 frames of video to be encoded and reconstructed using only 15 captured subframes in a single camera exposure. We demonstrate experimental tests including laser-driven melting/dewetting, sintering, and grain coarsening of nanostructured gold, with reconstructed video rates up to 10 kHz. The results exemplify the power of the technique by showing that it can be used to study the fundamentally different temporal behavior for the three different physical processes. Both sintering and coarsening exhibited self-limiting behavior, whereby the process essentially stopped even while the heating laser continued to strike the material. We attribute this to changes in laser absorption and to processes inherent to thin-film coarsening. In contrast, the dewetting proceeded at a relatively uniform rate after an initial incubation time consistent with the establishment of a steady-state temperature profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - A A Moghadam
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - R S Bloom
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - S T Park
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - A M Monterrosa
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P M Price
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C M Barr
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - K Hattar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J T McKeown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D J Masiel
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
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Reed BW, LaGrange T, Shuttlesworth RM, Gibson DJ, Campbell GH, Browning ND. Solving the accelerator-condenser coupling problem in a nanosecond dynamic transmission electron microscope. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:053706. [PMID: 20515144 DOI: 10.1063/1.3427234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a modification to a transmission electron microscope (TEM) that allows it to briefly (using a pulsed-laser-driven photocathode) operate at currents in excess of 10 mA while keeping the effects of condenser lens aberrations to a minimum. This modification allows real-space imaging of material microstructure with a resolution of order 10 nm over regions several microm across with an exposure time of 15 ns. This is more than six orders of magnitude faster than typical video-rate TEM imaging. The key is the addition of a weak magnetic lens to couple the large-diameter high-current beam exiting the accelerator into the acceptance aperture of a conventional TEM condenser lens system. We show that the performance of the system is essentially consistent with models derived from ray tracing and finite element simulations. The instrument can also be operated as a conventional TEM by using the electron gun in a thermionic mode. The modification enables very high electron current densities in microm-sized areas and could also be used in a nonpulsed system for high-throughput imaging and analytical TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Reed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Reed BW, Armstrong MR, Browning ND, Campbell GH, Evans JE, LaGrange T, Masiel DJ. The evolution of ultrafast electron microscope instrumentation. Microsc Microanal 2009; 15:272-281. [PMID: 19575828 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609090394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Extrapolating from a brief survey of the literature, we outline a vision for the future development of time-resolved electron probe instruments that could offer levels of performance and flexibility that push the limits of physical possibility. This includes a discussion of the electron beam parameters (brightness and emittance) that limit performance, the identification of a dimensionless invariant figure of merit for pulsed electron guns (the number of electrons per lateral coherence area, per pulse), and calculations of how this figure of merit determines the trade-off of spatial against temporal resolution for different imaging modes. Modern photonics' ability to control its fundamental particles at the quantum level, while enjoying extreme flexibility and a very large variety of operating modes, is held up as an example and a goal. We argue that this goal may be approached by combining ideas already in the literature, suggesting the need for large-scale collaborative development of next-generation time-resolved instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Reed
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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Abstract
We present a technique for removing the zero-loss background from electron energy-loss spectra at very low energies (down to approximately 2eV), generating results that are superior in a number of ways to the results of standard Fourier deconvolution techniques. Our technique is based on a separately measured background spectrum which is spline-interpolated and matched to the zero-loss peak in the low-loss spectrum using curve-fit techniques. The data points are weighted with the use of a semi-empirical model of the random error in the data produced by a spectrometer. We demonstrate in tests on real-world data that this model accounts for the random error within the energy range of interest. We discuss practical details of implementation and present detailed comparisons of the results of various algorithms on a piece of test data obtained from a carbon nanotube sample. Compared to the standard techniques, our algorithm tends to be more consistent, less dependent on arbitrary parameters, and better able to quantify spectral features with small signal-to-noise ratios, particularly those at very low energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Reed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Sparks PD, Sjodin T, Reed BW, Stege J. Light emission from the slow mode of tunnel junctions on short period diffraction gratings. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 68:2668-2671. [PMID: 10045457 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Reed BW. Pseudomelanoma. Arch Dermatol 1976; 112:1611-2. [PMID: 984869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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