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Berthold EJ, Ma-Lauer Y, Chakraborty A, von Brunn B, Hilgendorff A, Hatz R, Behr J, Hausch F, Staab-Weijnitz CA, von Brunn A. Effects of immunophilin inhibitors and non-immunosuppressive analogs on coronavirus replication in human infection models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:958634. [PMID: 36211973 PMCID: PMC9534297 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.958634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) seriously affect human health by causing respiratory diseases ranging from common colds to severe acute respiratory diseases. Immunophilins, including peptidyl-prolyl isomerases of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) and the cyclophilin family, are promising targets for pharmaceutical inhibition of coronavirus replication, but cell-type specific effects have not been elucidated. FKBPs and cyclophilins bind the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and cyclosporine A (CsA), respectively. Methods Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (phBECs) were treated with CsA, Alisporivir (ALV), FK506, and FK506-derived non-immunosuppressive analogs and infected with HCoV-229E. RNA and protein were assessed by RT-qPCR and immunoblot analysis. Treatment with the same compounds was performed in hepatoma cells (Huh-7.5) infected with HCoV-229E expressing Renilla luciferase (HCoV-229E-RLuc) and the kidney cell line HEK293 transfected with a SARS-CoV-1 replicon expressing Renilla luciferase (SARS-CoV-1-RLuc), followed by quantification of luminescence as a measure of viral replication. Results Both CsA and ALV robustly inhibited viral replication in all models; both compounds decreased HCoV-229E RNA in phBECs and reduced luminescence in HCoV-229E-RLuc-infected Huh7.5 and SARS-CoV-1-RLuc replicon-transfected HEK293. In contrast, FK506 showed inconsistent and less pronounced effects in phBECs while strongly affecting coronavirus replication in Huh-7.5 and HEK293. Two non-immunosuppressive FK506 analogs had no antiviral effect in any infection model. Conclusion The immunophilin inhibitors CsA and ALV display robust anti-coronaviral properties in multiple infection models, including phBECs, reflecting a primary site of HCoV infection. In contrast, FK506 displayed cell-type specific effects, strongly affecting CoV replication in Huh7.5 and HEK293, but inconsistently and less pronounced in phBECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia J. Berthold
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M) bioArchive, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Ma-Lauer
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashesh Chakraborty
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M) bioArchive, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M) bioArchive, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hatz
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M) bioArchive, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz, ; Albrecht von Brunn,
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz, ; Albrecht von Brunn,
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Ma Q, Immler R, Pruenster M, Sellmayr M, Li C, von Brunn A, von Brunn B, Ehmann R, Wölfel R, Napoli M, Li Q, Romagnani P, Böttcher RT, Sperandio M, Anders HJ, Steiger S. Soluble uric acid inhibits β2 integrin-mediated neutrophil recruitment in innate immunity. Blood 2022; 139:3402-3417. [PMID: 35303071 PMCID: PMC11022987 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key players during host defense and sterile inflammation. Neutrophil dysfunction is a characteristic feature of the acquired immunodeficiency during kidney disease. We speculated that the impaired renal clearance of the intrinsic purine metabolite soluble uric acid (sUA) may account for neutrophil dysfunction. Indeed, hyperuricemia (HU, serum UA of 9-12 mg/dL) related or unrelated to kidney dysfunction significantly diminished neutrophil adhesion and extravasation in mice with crystal- and coronavirus-related sterile inflammation using intravital microscopy and an air pouch model. This impaired neutrophil recruitment was partially reversible by depleting UA with rasburicase. We validated these findings in vitro using either neutrophils or serum from patients with kidney dysfunction-related HU with or without UA depletion, which partially normalized the defective migration of neutrophils. Mechanistically, sUA impaired β2 integrin activity and internalization/recycling by regulating intracellular pH and cytoskeletal dynamics, physiological processes that are known to alter the migratory and phagocytic capability of neutrophils. This effect was fully reversible by blocking intracellular uptake of sUA via urate transporters. In contrast, sUA had no effect on neutrophil extracellular trap formation in neutrophils from healthy subjects or patients with kidney dysfunction. Our results identify an unexpected immunoregulatory role of the intrinsic purine metabolite sUA, which contrasts the well-known immunostimulatory effects of crystalline UA. Specifically targeting UA may help to overcome certain forms of immunodeficiency, for example in kidney dysfunction, but may enhance sterile forms of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Immler
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Pruenster
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Sellmayr
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chenyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Matteo Napoli
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Qiubo Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Maria Serio,” University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ralph Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ma-Lauer Y, Zheng Y, Malešević M, von Brunn B, Fischer G, von Brunn A. Influences of cyclosporin A and non-immunosuppressive derivatives on cellular cyclophilins and viral nucleocapsid protein during human coronavirus 229E replication. Antiviral Res 2019; 173:104620. [PMID: 31634494 PMCID: PMC7114175 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The well-known immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A inhibits replication of various viruses including coronaviruses by binding to cellular cyclophilins thus inactivating their cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase function. Viral nucleocapsid proteins are inevitable for genome encapsidation and replication. Here we demonstrate the interaction between the N protein of HCoV-229E and cyclophilin A, not cyclophilin B. Cyclophilin inhibitors abolish this interaction. Upon infection, cyclophilin A stays evenly distributed throughout the cell, whereas cyclophilin B concentrates at ER-bleb-like structures. We further show the inhibitory potential of non-immunosuppressive CsA derivatives Alisporivir, NIM811, compound 3 on HCoV-229E-GFP and -Luciferase replication in human Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells at 18 and 48 h time points post infection with EC50 s at low micromolar ranges. Thus, non-immunosuppressive CsA derivatives effectively inhibit HCoV-229E replication suggesting them as possible candidates for the treatment of HCoV infection. The interruption of interaction between CypA and N protein by CsA and its derivatives suggest a mechanism how CypA inhibitors suppress viral replication. HCoV-229E replication is inhibited by Alisporivir, NIM811 and other non-immunosuppressive Cyclosporin A derivatives. HCoV-229E N protein interacts with cyclophilin A. Cyclophilin A is required for coronavirus replication. Cyclophilin B concentrates in bleb-like structures of the ER in HCoV-infected Huh7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma-Lauer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu Zheng
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Miroslav Malešević
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Goettingen, BO Halle, Germany
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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von Brunn A, Ciesek S, von Brunn B, Carbajo-Lozoya J. Genetic deficiency and polymorphisms of cyclophilin A reveal its essential role for Human Coronavirus 229E replication. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:56-61. [PMID: 26318518 PMCID: PMC7102849 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Replication of coronaviruses is inhibited in vitro by cyclosporin A, a well-known immunosuppressive drug which binds to cellular cyclophilins thus inactivating their enzymatic cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase function. Latter is required for proper folding of cellular proteins and of proteins of several viruses. Here, we summarize present knowledge on the role of cyclophilin A during coronavirus replication. We present data on the effect of cyclophilin A single nucleotide polymorphism mutants on the replication of human CoV-229E demonstrating the requirement of proper cyclophilin A function for virus propagation. Results define cellular cyclophilin A as a host target for inhibition of coronaviruses ranging from relatively mild common cold to highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses with the perspective of disclosing non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A analogs to broadly inactivate the coronavirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany.
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Javier Carbajo-Lozoya
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
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Carbajo-Lozoya J, Ma-Lauer Y, Malešević M, Theuerkorn M, Kahlert V, Prell E, von Brunn B, Muth D, Baumert TF, Drosten C, Fischer G, von Brunn A. Human coronavirus NL63 replication is cyclophilin A-dependent and inhibited by non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine A-derivatives including Alisporivir. Virus Res 2014; 184:44-53. [PMID: 24566223 PMCID: PMC7114444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a host factor for human coronavirus NL63 replication. CypA is a target for anti-coronaviral therapy. Non-immunosuppressive CsA derivatives (Alisporivir, NIM811) inhibit CoV replication. New classes of non-immunosuppressive CsA/FK506 derivatives inhibit CoV replication.
Until recently, there were no effective drugs available blocking coronavirus (CoV) infection in humans and animals. We have shown before that CsA and FK506 inhibit coronavirus replication (Carbajo-Lozoya, J., Müller, M.A., Kallies, S., Thiel, V., Drosten, C., von Brunn, A. Replication of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E is inhibited by the drug FK506. Virus Res. 2012; Pfefferle, S., Schöpf, J., Kögl, M., Friedel, C., Müller, M.A., Stellberger, T., von Dall’Armi, E., Herzog, P., Kallies, S., Niemeyer, D., Ditt, V., Kuri, T., Züst, R., Schwarz, F., Zimmer, R., Steffen, I., Weber, F., Thiel, V., Herrler, G., Thiel, H.-J., Schwegmann-Weßels, C., Pöhlmann, S., Haas, J., Drosten, C. and von Brunn, A. The SARS-Coronavirus-host interactome: identification of cyclophilins as target for pan-Coronavirus inhibitors. PLoS Pathog., 2011). Here we demonstrate that CsD Alisporivir, NIM811 as well as novel non-immunosuppressive derivatives of CsA and FK506 strongly inhibit the growth of human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 at low micromolar, non-cytotoxic concentrations in cell culture. We show by qPCR analysis that virus replication is diminished up to four orders of magnitude to background levels. Knockdown of the cellular Cyclophilin A (CypA/PPIA) gene in Caco-2 cells prevents replication of HCoV-NL63, suggesting that CypA is required for virus replication. Collectively, our results uncover Cyclophilin A as a host target for CoV infection and provide new strategies for urgently needed therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Ma-Lauer
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Miroslav Malešević
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Enzymology, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Theuerkorn
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Viktoria Kahlert
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erik Prell
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Doreen Muth
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Gunter Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
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